[{"title":"Agent","question":"What is an AI Agent?","description":"A software entity that can take actions autonomously on behalf of a user.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["ai","automation"],"published":true,"slug":"agent","content":"

🤖 Definition

An Agent is a software entity that can take actions autonomously on behalf of a user, often across multiple systems, without requiring constant human intervention.

🎯 Purpose

Agents are designed to handle complex workflows by making decisions and executing tasks independently, freeing users from repetitive or time-consuming activities.

⚙️ Function

AI agents work by understanding user goals, breaking them down into actionable steps, and executing those steps across various tools and platforms while adapting to changing conditions.

🌟 Example

A recruiting agent that screens resumes, schedules interviews, and drafts follow-up emails automatically, managing the entire hiring workflow without human oversight.

🔗 Related

Agents often leverage Machine Learning, Natural Language Processing, and API integrations to interact with multiple systems effectively.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","fr","hi","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","ru","sv","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Computer Use","slug":"computer-use","url":"/en/que-es/computer-use","question":"What is Computer Use in AI?","content":"Computer Use in AI refers to the capability of artificial intelligence syst..."},{"title":"AX (Agentic Experience)","slug":"ax---agentic-experience","url":"/en/que-es/ax---agentic-experience","question":"What is AX?","content":"AX (Agentic Experience) is an extension of UX for the AI Age, focusing on t..."},{"title":"Context (AI)","slug":"context---ai","url":"/en/que-es/context---ai","question":"What is Context in AI?","content":"Context in AI refers to the surrounding information, situational awareness,..."},{"title":"Machine Learning (ML)","slug":"machine-learning---ml","url":"/en/que-es/machine-learning---ml","question":"What is Machine Learning?","content":"Machine Learning (ML) is the broader field of training algorithms to improv..."},{"title":"Deterministic (AI)","slug":"deterministic","url":"/en/que-es/deterministic","question":"What does Deterministic mean in AI?","content":"Deterministic in AI refers to systems that produce exactly the same output..."}]},{"title":"Agile","question":"What is Agile?","description":"A software development approach that values adaptability and continuous delivery.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["agile"],"published":true,"slug":"agile","content":"

🔍 Definition

Agile is a software development philosophy focused on continuously delivering value to customers through adaptability, collaboration, and quick response to change.

🚀 Origin

The origin of Agile dates back to the early 2000s, marked by a crucial event in 2001: the creation of the Agile Manifesto.

🧠 Movement

It started as a response to the limitations and challenges faced by traditional project-based software development methods, known as waterfall methodologies, which were sequential and inflexible.

🔁 Approach

Agile is based on an iterative and incremental development approach where the scope is divided into small parts with frequent deliveries, allowing for adaptation to changing requirements.

🤝 Collaboration

Agile focuses on team collaboration and customer involvement throughout development.

📈 Benefits

It is known for improving product quality, employee and customer satisfaction, and development speed.

📚 Agile Frameworks

Agile encompasses and is related to various methods and frameworks such as Scrum, Kanban, and Lean.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Downstream","slug":"downstream","url":"/en/que-es/downstream","question":"What is downstream?","content":"Refers to the activities from the receipt of a request to the completion of..."},{"title":"Extreme Programming - XP","slug":"extreme-programming---xp","url":"/en/que-es/extreme-programming---xp","question":"What is Extreme Programming?","content":"Extreme Programming or XP is an agile software development framework that f..."},{"title":"Crystal Method","slug":"crystal-method","url":"/en/que-es/crystal-method","question":"What is Crystal Method?","content":"Crystal Method is a project management framework that prioritizes people an..."},{"title":"Bottom-Up","slug":"bottom-up","url":"/en/que-es/bottom-up","question":"What is the Bottom-Up transformation approach?","content":"In Agile transformation, the Bottom-Up approach means that teams and indivi..."},{"title":"Blockages","slug":"blockages","url":"/en/que-es/blockages","question":"What is a blockage?","content":"In frameworks like Scrum and Kanban, a 'blockage' refers to any obstacle th..."}]},{"title":"Agile Alliance","question":"What is the Agile Alliance?","description":"It is an organization dedicated to promoting the Agile mindset.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["agile","community","events","mindset"],"published":true,"slug":"agile-alliance","content":"

📜 Definition

Agile Alliance is a global non-profit organization dedicated to promoting the Agile mindset and frameworks.

🌐 Purpose

It is committed to providing resources to individuals and organizations that apply the values and principles of the Agile Manifesto.

🤝 Activities

It organizes and supports events to bring together the Agile community on a global stage.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Mindset","slug":"mindset","url":"/en/que-es/mindset","question":"What does mindset mean?","content":"Mindset, or mentality, is a set of established attitudes, beliefs, and pers..."},{"title":"Kanban","slug":"kanban","url":"/en/que-es/kanban","question":"What is Kanban?","content":"Kanban is a lean method for managing and improving work flows in production..."},{"title":"Extreme Programming - XP","slug":"extreme-programming---xp","url":"/en/que-es/extreme-programming---xp","question":"What is Extreme Programming?","content":"Extreme Programming or XP is an agile software development framework that f..."},{"title":"CoE","slug":"coe","url":"/en/que-es/coe","question":"What is a CoE?","content":"A Center of Excellence (CoE) is a strategic unit within an organization tha..."},{"title":"Bottom-Up","slug":"bottom-up","url":"/en/que-es/bottom-up","question":"What is the Bottom-Up transformation approach?","content":"In Agile transformation, the Bottom-Up approach means that teams and indivi..."}]},{"title":"Agile Coach","question":"What is an Agile Coach?","description":"It's someone who guides teams and organizations in agility.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["agile","role"],"published":true,"slug":"agile-coach","content":"

🔍 Definition

An Agile Coach is an expert in agility who guides individuals, teams, and organizations in adopting agile principles and practices.

📅 Origin

The role of Agile Coach was coined by Kent Beck in 1999 in his book 'Extreme Programming Explained: Embrace Change'.

📈 Historical Development

The role initially focused on guiding teams in adopting agile practices and has evolved to include broader organizational transformation.

🪓 Responsibility

They facilitate the adoption of agile frameworks such as Scrum or Kanban, promote self-organization, and lead the organization's agile transformation.

🔑 Competencies

An Agile Coach must possess skills in facilitation, training, mentoring, communication, and change management.

🌐 Importance

Their role is crucial in helping organizations navigate the complexity of agile transformation and achieve sustainable change.

👤 Key Figures

Lyssa Adkins is one of the most notable figures in the development of the Agile Coach profession.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Scrum Master","slug":"scrum-master","url":"/en/que-es/scrum-master","question":"What is a Scrum Master?","content":"The Scrum Master is one of the three key roles in the Scrum framework, resp..."},{"title":"Scrumban","slug":"scrumban","url":"/en/que-es/scrumban","question":"What is Scrumban?","content":"Scrumban is a framework that combines the principles of Scrum and Kanban, o..."},{"title":"Servant Leadership","slug":"servant-leadership","url":"/en/que-es/servant-leadership","question":"What is a Servant Leader?","content":"Servant Leadership is a philosophy where the main goal of the leader is to..."},{"title":"Timeboxing","slug":"timebox","url":"/en/que-es/timebox","question":"What is timeboxing?","content":"A timebox is a time management concept that assigns a specific and predefin..."},{"title":"System Demo","slug":"system-demo","url":"/en/que-es/system-demo","question":"What is a System Demo?","content":"A System Demo is a significant event in the Scaled Agile Framework (SAFe) t..."}]},{"title":"Agile Manifesto","question":"What is the Agile Manifesto?","description":"It is a statement of 4 values and 12 principles on new ways of developing software.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["agile","kanban","manifesto","principles","scrum","values"],"published":true,"slug":"agile-manifesto","content":"

📜 Definition

The Agile Manifesto is a document created on February 12, 2001, by 17 software development experts, outlining a new approach to software development that prioritizes flexibility and customer collaboration.

🌐 Context

It was a response to the limitations of traditional software development methodologies, aiming to better meet the rapidly changing needs of users in the digital age.

🏔️ Location

The document was formulated at the Snowbird ski resort in Utah, USA. From this in-person session, the 4 values were born, and later the 12 principles were developed remotely.

💎 Values

First, it values human interactions over processes; second, it prioritizes working software over extensive documentation; third, it prefers direct collaboration with the client over contractual negotiations; and fourth, it emphasizes the importance of adapting to changes over following a plan.

🛠 Principles

The 12 principles of the Agile Manifesto complement its values, promoting frequent deliveries, change as a competitive advantage even in late stages, and building projects around motivated individuals. These principles aim at customer satisfaction, sustainability in development, and technical excellence.

📄 Accessing the Agile Manifesto

For a deep understanding of these values and principles that have revolutionized software development, it is recommended to read the Agile Manifesto directly. Access the complete document for free through this link to the Agile Manifesto.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Blockages","slug":"blockages","url":"/en/que-es/blockages","question":"What is a blockage?","content":"In frameworks like Scrum and Kanban, a 'blockage' refers to any obstacle th..."},{"title":"Scrum","slug":"scrum","url":"/en/que-es/scrum","question":"What is Scrum?","content":"Scrum is an Agile framework designed to develop adaptive solutions to compl..."},{"title":"Kanban","slug":"kanban","url":"/en/que-es/kanban","question":"What is Kanban?","content":"Kanban is a lean method for managing and improving work flows in production..."},{"title":"Lean","slug":"lean","url":"/en/que-es/lean","question":"What is Lean?","content":"Lean is the application of manufacturing principles to the development and..."},{"title":"Self-Management","slug":"self-management","url":"/en/que-es/self-management","question":"What is Self-Management?","content":"In the context of Scrum, self-management refers to the concept of teams man..."}]},{"title":"Agile Release Train","question":"¿Qué es Agile Release Train?","description":"ART sincroniza equipos Agile para desarrollar y entregar soluciones alineadas con flujos de valor, es un elemento clave en SAFe.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["SAFe","agile","scaled"],"published":true,"slug":"agile-release-train","content":"

🚂 Definición

El Agile Release Train (ART) es un conjunto cohesionado de equipos Agile que colaboran a largo plazo para desarrollar, entregar y en ocasiones operar incrementos de soluciones alineadas con un flujo de valor específico.

🌱 Origen

El origen del Agile Release Train (ART) se remonta a los principios de los marcos de trabajo de Agile y Lean, diseñados para mejorar la entrega de software y soluciones en grandes organizaciones. En la actualidad es un concepto fundamental dentro del marco SAFe (Scaled Agile Framework).

🔄Principio clave

Los ART se organizan en torno a flujos de valor de desarrollo críticos y existen únicamente para hacer realidad la promesa de ese valor construyendo y entregando soluciones que beneficien al Cliente.

🏉 Estructura del equipo

Un ART normalmente tiene una organización formada por 50-125 personas, distribuido en equipos auto-organizados y auto-gestionados que, comúnmente, utilizan marcos de trabajo como Scrum o Kanban.

📅Incremento de programa

Las ART trabajan dentro de un plazo denominado PI (Incremento de Programa), normalmente de 8 a 12 semanas, durante el cual entregan un incremento de valor potencialmente puesto en producción.

📅 Coordinación

Los ART sincronizan su trabajo a través de eventos como la planificación del PI Planning y los System Demo, garantizando la alineación y la entrega de valor en todo el tren.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["de","es","fr","it","ko","nl","pt","sv"],"related":[{"title":"SAFe","slug":"safe---scaled-agile-framework","url":"/en/que-es/safe---scaled-agile-framework","question":"What does SAFe mean?","content":"Scaled Agile Framework (SAFe) is a set of organizational patterns for imple..."},{"title":"System Demo","slug":"system-demo","url":"/en/que-es/system-demo","question":"What is a System Demo?","content":"A System Demo is a significant event in the Scaled Agile Framework (SAFe) t..."},{"title":"User Story Map","slug":"user-story-map","url":"/en/que-es/user-story-map","question":"What is a User Story Map?","content":"User Story Map (USM), or User Story Mapping, is a technique that organizes..."},{"title":"T-Shaped Skills","slug":"t-shaped","url":"/en/que-es/t-shaped","question":"What are T-Shaped Skills?","content":"T-Shaped Skills (or T-Shaped Professionals) refer to a competency model whe..."},{"title":"Scrum@Scale","slug":"scrumscale","url":"/en/que-es/scrumscale","question":"What is Scrum@Scale?","content":"One of the biggest challenges for organizations using Scrum is expanding th..."}]},{"title":"AI (Artificial Intelligence)","question":"What is AI?","description":"The broad field of creating systems that can perform tasks that normally require human intelligence.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["ai","tech"],"published":true,"slug":"ai---artificial-intelligence","content":"

🤖 Definition

AI, or Artificial Intelligence, is the broad field of creating systems that can perform tasks that normally require human intelligence such as learning, reasoning, or decision-making.

🎯 Purpose

AI aims to create intelligent machines that can think, learn, and adapt like humans, automating complex tasks and enhancing human capabilities.

⚙️ Function

AI systems work by processing large amounts of data, identifying patterns, and making predictions or decisions based on learned behaviors and algorithms.

🌟 Example

A navigation app using AI to predict traffic and reroute you in real time, providing optimal paths based on current conditions.

🔗 Related

AI encompasses various subfields including Machine Learning, Natural Language Processing, Computer Vision, and Robotics.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":[],"related":[{"title":"Benchmark (AI)","slug":"benchmark---ai","url":"/en/que-es/benchmark---ai","question":"What is an AI Benchmark?","content":"An AI Benchmark is a standardized test, dataset, or evaluation methodology..."},{"title":"Vibe Coding","slug":"vibe-coding","url":"/en/que-es/vibe-coding","question":"What is Vibe Coding?","content":"Vibe Coding is a programming approach coined by Andrej Karpathy in 2025, wh..."},{"title":"Chain of Thought (CoT)","slug":"chain-of-thought---cot","url":"/en/que-es/chain-of-thought---cot","question":"What is Chain of Thought?","content":"Chain of Thought (CoT) is a prompting technique that encourages AI models t..."},{"title":"Copilot (AI)","slug":"copilot---ai","url":"/en/que-es/copilot---ai","question":"What is an AI Copilot?","content":"An AI Copilot is an artificial intelligence assistant designed to work alon..."},{"title":"AX (Agentic Experience)","slug":"ax---agentic-experience","url":"/en/que-es/ax---agentic-experience","question":"What is AX?","content":"AX (Agentic Experience) is an extension of UX for the AI Age, focusing on t..."}]},{"title":"Alignment","question":"What is organizational alignment with objectives?","description":"The coordination of goals, objectives, and processes in a company so that all employees work toward common goals.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["business objectives","efficiency","organizational alignment","productivity"],"published":true,"slug":"alignment","content":"

🔍 Definition

Organizational alignment with objectives refers to the coordination of goals, objectives, and processes across different areas and hierarchical levels of a company to ensure that all employees work toward the common business objectives.

🌟 Importance

It is crucial for improving efficiency, productivity, internal collaboration, customer orientation, decision-making, and overall business performance.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Few-Shot Learning","slug":"few-shot-learning","url":"/en/que-es/few-shot-learning","question":"What is Few-Shot Learning?","content":"Few-Shot Learning is a machine learning approach where AI models can learn..."},{"title":"Commitment Point","slug":"commitment-point","url":"/en/que-es/commitment-point","question":"What is the Commitment Point?","content":"A commitment point in Kanban is the stage in the workflow where a work item..."},{"title":"Automation (AI)","slug":"automation---ai","url":"/en/que-es/automation---ai","question":"What is AI-powered Automation?","content":"AI-powered Automation is the use of artificial intelligence to automaticall..."},{"title":"Copilot (AI)","slug":"copilot---ai","url":"/en/que-es/copilot---ai","question":"What is an AI Copilot?","content":"An AI Copilot is an artificial intelligence assistant designed to work alon..."},{"title":"Trello","slug":"trello","url":"/en/que-es/trello","question":"What is Trello?","content":"Trello is a visual project management tool that allows teams to organize ta..."}]},{"title":"Alignment (AI)","question":"What is AI Alignment?","description":"The challenge of ensuring AI systems act in accordance with human values and intentions.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["ai","ethics","safety"],"published":true,"slug":"alignment---ai","content":"

🤖 Definition

AI Alignment is the challenge of ensuring that AI systems pursue goals and behave in ways that are aligned with human values and intentions, especially as AI becomes more capable and autonomous.

🎯 Purpose

Alignment aims to prevent AI systems from causing harm by ensuring they understand and follow human values, even when operating independently or making complex decisions.

⚙️ Function

AI alignment works through various approaches including reward modeling, constitutional AI, human feedback training, and value learning systems that help AI understand what humans actually want versus what they might literally request.

🌟 Example

An AI assistant that refuses to help with harmful requests even when explicitly asked, because it's aligned with human safety values rather than just following literal instructions.

🔗 Related

Closely related to AI Safety, Constitutional AI, Human Feedback, Reward Modeling, and AI Ethics research.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":[],"related":[{"title":"Guardrails","slug":"guardrails","url":"/en/que-es/guardrails","question":"What are AI Guardrails?","content":"AI Guardrails are safety mechanisms, constraints, and filtering systems des..."},{"title":"Explainability","slug":"explainability","url":"/en/que-es/explainability","question":"What is AI Explainability?","content":"AI Explainability is the capability of artificial intelligence systems to p..."},{"title":"Escape Hatch","slug":"escape-hatch","url":"/en/que-es/escape-hatch","question":"What is an Escape Hatch in AI?","content":"An Escape Hatch in AI is a safety mechanism that provides users or systems..."},{"title":"Vibe Coding","slug":"vibe-coding","url":"/en/que-es/vibe-coding","question":"What is Vibe Coding?","content":"Vibe Coding is a programming approach coined by Andrej Karpathy in 2025, wh..."},{"title":"Benchmark (AI)","slug":"benchmark---ai","url":"/en/que-es/benchmark---ai","question":"What is an AI Benchmark?","content":"An AI Benchmark is a standardized test, dataset, or evaluation methodology..."}]},{"title":"ALM","question":"What does ALM stand for?","description":"Stands for Application Lifecycle Management.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["ALM","DevOps","development","software"],"published":true,"slug":"alm","content":"

📜 Definition

ALM, or Application Lifecycle Management, refers to the process of managing a software application from its initial design and development to its eventual retirement.

🔑 Key Aspects

It involves various stages such as the conception of the idea, design, development, testing, production, support, and eventual decommissioning.

📈 Importance

Understanding ALM is crucial for efficient software development, ensuring that the application meets business objectives and is successfully managed throughout its lifecycle.

🎯 Ideation

The initial phase where stakeholders define what they need from the application, often through user stories.

🛠️ Development

Teams work together to turn requirements into a functional application, including tasks like design, coding, and quality analysis.

🧪 Testing

The application is rigorously tested to ensure it meets the specified requirements and is free of defects.

🚀 Deployment

The developed and tested application is released to end-users, often involving version management and deployment planning.

🔧 Maintenance

An ongoing phase where support and development teams work together to address issues, plan updates, and improve the product.

🤖 Automation

Following the principles of the DevOps approach, many of the routine tasks of ALM should be automated to ensure their quality and establish them as a standard that ensures quality.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"CI","slug":"ci","url":"/en/que-es/ci","question":"What does CI mean?","content":"Continuous Integration (CI) is a software development practice where develo..."},{"title":"Testing","slug":"test","url":"/en/que-es/test","question":"What is Testing?","content":"Testing, or test, is a procedure conducted to verify and validate the funct..."},{"title":"Alpha","slug":"alpha","url":"/en/que-es/alpha","question":"What is an Alpha version?","content":"An Alpha version is an early stage of a software product, typically release..."},{"title":"Tech Lead","slug":"tech-lead","url":"/en/que-es/tech-lead","question":"What is a Tech Lead?","content":"A Tech Lead (TL), also known as Technical Lead or Technical Leader, is a se..."},{"title":"SOLID","slug":"solid","url":"/en/que-es/solid","question":"What are the SOLID principles?","content":"The SOLID principles were introduced by Robert C. Martin, also known as Unc..."}]},{"title":"Alpha","question":"What is an Alpha version?","description":"It is an early stage of a software product that is not fully stable.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["alpha","beta","development","software","testing","version"],"published":true,"slug":"alpha","content":"

🔬 Definition

An Alpha version is an early stage of a software product, typically released for internal testing, which is not fully stable and may contain critical bugs.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Beta","slug":"beta","url":"/en/que-es/beta","question":"What is a beta version?","content":"A beta version, also known as a preview, is a pre-release version of softwa..."},{"title":"Testing","slug":"test","url":"/en/que-es/test","question":"What is Testing?","content":"Testing, or test, is a procedure conducted to verify and validate the funct..."},{"title":"Tester","slug":"tester","url":"/en/que-es/tester","question":"What is a tester?","content":"A tester, also known as a test engineer or QA (Quality Assurance), is prima..."},{"title":"SOLID","slug":"solid","url":"/en/que-es/solid","question":"What are the SOLID principles?","content":"The SOLID principles were introduced by Robert C. Martin, also known as Unc..."},{"title":"ALM","slug":"alm","url":"/en/que-es/alm","question":"What does ALM stand for?","content":"ALM, or Application Lifecycle Management, refers to the process of managing..."}]},{"title":"Ambient AI","question":"What is Ambient AI?","description":"AI that operates seamlessly in the background of environments and interactions without explicit user commands.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["ai","technology","ux"],"published":true,"slug":"ambient-ai","content":"

🤖 Definition

Ambient AI refers to artificial intelligence that operates seamlessly in the background of our environments and interactions, providing intelligent assistance without requiring explicit commands or user intervention.

🎯 Purpose

Ambient AI aims to make technology invisible and intuitive, enhancing human experiences by anticipating needs and providing contextual assistance without interrupting natural workflows.

⚙️ Function

Ambient AI works by continuously monitoring environmental context, user behavior patterns, and situational cues to proactively provide relevant information, automate routine tasks, or adjust settings based on implicit needs.

🌟 Example

A smart meeting room that automatically adjusts lighting and temperature when people enter, starts recording when a meeting begins, and sends summaries to participants without anyone touching a device.

🔗 Related

Connected to Internet of Things (IoT), Context-Aware Computing, Proactive AI, Smart Environments, and Ubiquitous Computing.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["cs","da","de","el","fi","fr","hu","it","ja","nl","no","pl","pt","sv"],"related":[{"title":"Automation (AI)","slug":"automation---ai","url":"/en/que-es/automation---ai","question":"What is AI-powered Automation?","content":"AI-powered Automation is the use of artificial intelligence to automaticall..."},{"title":"Anthropomorphization","slug":"anthropomorphization","url":"/en/que-es/anthropomorphization","question":"What is Anthropomorphization in AI?","content":"Anthropomorphization in AI is the human tendency to attribute human charact..."},{"title":"AX (Agentic Experience)","slug":"ax---agentic-experience","url":"/en/que-es/ax---agentic-experience","question":"What is AX?","content":"AX (Agentic Experience) is an extension of UX for the AI Age, focusing on t..."},{"title":"Input","slug":"input","url":"/en/que-es/input","question":"What does Input mean?","content":"The term Input refers to any information, data, or resource entered into a..."},{"title":"Benchmark (AI)","slug":"benchmark---ai","url":"/en/que-es/benchmark---ai","question":"What is an AI Benchmark?","content":"An AI Benchmark is a standardized test, dataset, or evaluation methodology..."}]},{"title":"Angular","question":"What is Angular?","description":"It is a framework for developing applications.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["angular","framework","html","typescript"],"published":true,"slug":"angular","content":"

🅰️ What is Angular?

Angular is a platform and framework for building single-page client applications (SPA - Single Page Application) using HTML and TypeScript.

🔧 Key Features

It offers a complete set of tools for developers, including components, routing, form management, and client-server communication.

📈 Scalability

Angular is designed to scale from single-developer projects to enterprise-level applications.

🔄 Updates

Google, the maintainer of Angular, provides regular updates and improvements to the framework.

👥 Community

Angular has a large and diverse community of over 1.7 million developers, library authors, and content creators.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Crystal Method","slug":"crystal-method","url":"/en/que-es/crystal-method","question":"What is Crystal Method?","content":"Crystal Method is a project management framework that prioritizes people an..."},{"title":"Scrum Master","slug":"scrum-master","url":"/en/que-es/scrum-master","question":"What is a Scrum Master?","content":"The Scrum Master is one of the three key roles in the Scrum framework, resp..."},{"title":"Shape Up","slug":"shape-up","url":"/en/que-es/shape-up","question":"What is the Shape Up framework?","content":"Shape Up is a product development framework created by Ryan Singer at Basec..."},{"title":"Ambient AI","slug":"ambient-ai","url":"/en/que-es/ambient-ai","question":"What is Ambient AI?","content":"Ambient AI refers to artificial intelligence that operates seamlessly in th..."},{"title":"BDD","slug":"bdd","url":"/en/que-es/bdd","question":"What is BDD?","content":"Behavior Driven Development (BDD) is a software development process that ai..."}]},{"title":"Anthropomorphization","question":"What is Anthropomorphization in AI?","description":"The tendency to attribute human characteristics, emotions, or consciousness to AI systems.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["ai","psychology","ux"],"published":true,"slug":"anthropomorphization","content":"

🤖 Definition

Anthropomorphization in AI is the human tendency to attribute human characteristics, emotions, intentions, or consciousness to artificial intelligence systems, often treating them as if they have human-like minds.

🎯 Purpose

Understanding anthropomorphization helps product teams design AI interactions that leverage natural human social instincts while avoiding misleading users about AI capabilities and limitations.

⚙️ Function

Anthropomorphization occurs when AI systems use human-like language patterns, express preferences, or exhibit consistent personalities, triggering users' natural tendency to form social relationships with seemingly intelligent entities.

🌟 Example

Users saying \"please\" and \"thank you\" to chatbots, feeling bad about \"hurting\" an AI's feelings, or believing their virtual assistant has preferences about music or weather.

🔗 Related

Connected to Human-Computer Interaction, AI Ethics, User Experience Design, Personification, and Social AI research.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["cs","da","es","ja","ko","no","ru","th"],"related":[{"title":"Ambient AI","slug":"ambient-ai","url":"/en/que-es/ambient-ai","question":"What is Ambient AI?","content":"Ambient AI refers to artificial intelligence that operates seamlessly in th..."},{"title":"Framing","slug":"framing","url":"/en/que-es/framing","question":"What is Framing?","content":"Framing is a communication technique that involves presenting information w..."},{"title":"AX (Agentic Experience)","slug":"ax---agentic-experience","url":"/en/que-es/ax---agentic-experience","question":"What is AX?","content":"AX (Agentic Experience) is an extension of UX for the AI Age, focusing on t..."},{"title":"Evals","slug":"evals","url":"/en/que-es/evals","question":"What are Evals in AI?","content":"Evals (Evaluations) are systematic tests and assessment frameworks designed..."},{"title":"Computer Use","slug":"computer-use","url":"/en/que-es/computer-use","question":"What is Computer Use in AI?","content":"Computer Use in AI refers to the capability of artificial intelligence syst..."}]},{"title":"Antipattern","question":"What is an antipattern?","description":"A bad practice that reduces productivity, communication, or quality.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["agile","best practice"],"published":true,"slug":"antipattern","content":"

🎯 Definition

An \"antipattern\" refers to a common problem or bad practice that hinders the successful implementation of an agile framework.

🚫 Impact

Antipatterns can lead to decreased productivity, low-quality deliverables, and failure to fully realize the benefits of agile practices.

🔍 Example

A common agile antipattern is the \"feature factory\", which focuses on delivering features without considering their real value.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Burnup Chart","slug":"burnup-chart","url":"/en/que-es/burnup-chart","question":"What is a burnup chart?","content":"A burnup chart is a visual representation that shows the amount of work com..."},{"title":"Scrum of Scrums (SoS)","slug":"scrum-of-scrums","url":"/en/que-es/scrum-of-scrums","question":"What is Scrum of Scrums?","content":"Scrum of Scrums (SoS) is a scaling technique for coordinating work among mu..."},{"title":"Self-Organization","slug":"self-organization","url":"/en/que-es/self-organization","question":"What is Self-Organization?","content":"Self-organization in Agile refers to teams having the autonomy to make deci..."},{"title":"User Story Map","slug":"user-story-map","url":"/en/que-es/user-story-map","question":"What is a User Story Map?","content":"User Story Map (USM), or User Story Mapping, is a technique that organizes..."},{"title":"Three Amigos","slug":"three-amigos","url":"/en/que-es/three-amigos","question":"What does Three Amigos mean?","content":"\"Three Amigos\" is a collaborative practice in agile software development wh..."}]},{"title":"API","question":"What is an API?","description":"Stands for Application Programming Interface.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["dev","it"],"published":true,"slug":"api","content":"

🤖 Definition

An API, or Application Programming Interface, is a set of rules and protocols that allows different software applications to communicate with each other.

🔗 Purpose

APIs act as a bridge between applications, enabling data and functionality exchange, and are essential for modern software and web applications.

🔄 Function

APIs function by defining how software modules interact: one application makes a request, and another provides a response, all following the rules set by the API.

🤝 Contract

To ensure consistency and security in communication, a services contract is defined between applications, outlining how requests and responses should be structured.

🌐 Web Services

All web services are APIs, but not all APIs are web services, as APIs can also be used for communication between local applications.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"BDD","slug":"bdd","url":"/en/que-es/bdd","question":"What is BDD?","content":"Behavior Driven Development (BDD) is a software development process that ai..."},{"title":"Architect","slug":"architect","url":"/en/que-es/architect","question":"What is an Architect?","content":"The term 'computer architecture' was first used by IBM around 1959, referri..."},{"title":"Body Shopping","slug":"body-shopping","url":"/en/que-es/body-shopping","question":"What is Body Shopping?","content":"Body shopping is a practice in the technology industry where companies prov..."},{"title":"T-Shaped Skills","slug":"t-shaped","url":"/en/que-es/t-shaped","question":"What are T-Shaped Skills?","content":"T-Shaped Skills (or T-Shaped Professionals) refer to a competency model whe..."},{"title":"SAFe","slug":"safe---scaled-agile-framework","url":"/en/que-es/safe---scaled-agile-framework","question":"What does SAFe mean?","content":"Scaled Agile Framework (SAFe) is a set of organizational patterns for imple..."}]},{"title":"Architect","question":"What is an Architect?","description":"A role responsible for designing technological infrastructure.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["dev","role"],"published":true,"slug":"architect","content":"

🔍 Origin

The term 'computer architecture' was first used by IBM around 1959, referring to the conceptual structure and functional behavior of computer systems.

🔠 Term

The term 'architect' in the context of technological architecture has its roots in the Latin 'architectūra', meaning 'the art of projecting and constructing buildings'.

🏗️ Functions

An architect is responsible for designing and planning the technological infrastructure of a company.

🔍 Integration

One of their responsibilities is to ensure the compatibility and integration of existing systems and applications.

📈 Efficiency and Effectiveness

They must also prioritize the optimization of systems and applications to achieve maximum efficiency and effectiveness.

💼 Collaboration

IT architects work closely with developers and various departments within the company.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Developers","slug":"developer","url":"/en/que-es/developer","question":"What is a Developer?","content":"A Developer, also known as a software developer, is an expert in writing co..."},{"title":"Agile Coach","slug":"agile-coach","url":"/en/que-es/agile-coach","question":"What is an Agile Coach?","content":"An Agile Coach is an expert in agility who guides individuals, teams, and o..."},{"title":"BDD","slug":"bdd","url":"/en/que-es/bdd","question":"What is BDD?","content":"Behavior Driven Development (BDD) is a software development process that ai..."},{"title":"API","slug":"api","url":"/en/que-es/api","question":"What is an API?","content":"An API, or Application Programming Interface, is a set of rules and protoco..."},{"title":"Junior","slug":"junior","url":"/en/que-es/junior","question":"What is a junior?","content":"A junior developer typically has 0 to 3 years of experience, with some know..."}]},{"title":"Artifact","question":"What is an Artifact in Scrum?","description":"They are key elements for transparency, including the Product Backlog, Sprint Backlog, and Product Increment.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["scrum"],"published":true,"slug":"artifact","content":"

🔍 Definition

In the context of Scrum, an artifact is an element of the development process that provides transparency and information about the product and the work that has been done, is to be done, or is being done.

📦 Types

The three main Scrum artifacts are the Product Backlog, the Sprint Backlog, and the Product Increment, each serving a specific purpose in the development process.

🔄 Iterative Development

Scrum artifacts are continuously updated and refined throughout development cycles to reflect changing product needs and priorities.

👨‍💼 Ownership

Each artifact is owned and managed by a specific role or roles within the Scrum team, ensuring clear responsibility.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Planning Poker","slug":"planning-poker","url":"/en/que-es/planning-poker","question":"What is Planning Poker?","content":"Planning Poker is a technique used in Agile teams to estimate the effort re..."},{"title":"DoR - Definition of Ready","slug":"dor-definition-of-ready","url":"/en/que-es/dor-definition-of-ready","question":"What is the Definition of Ready?","content":"The Definition of Ready, DoR, is a set of criteria agreed upon by the Produ..."},{"title":"DoD - Definition of Done","slug":"dod-definition-of-done","url":"/en/que-es/dod-definition-of-done","question":"What is the Definition of Done?","content":"The Definition of Done, DoD, is a set of criteria that determines when a us..."},{"title":"Dual Track","slug":"dual-track","url":"/en/que-es/dual-track","question":"What is Dual Track?","content":"A project management approach that combines the iterative and flexible natu..."},{"title":"Framework","slug":"framework","url":"/en/que-es/framework","question":"What is a framework?","content":"A Framework, or work frame, is a supporting structure around which somethin..."}]},{"title":"Asana","question":"What is Asana?","description":"It is a project management software that enables the implementation of the Kanban method.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["information radiator","kanban","tool"],"published":true,"slug":"asana","content":"

🔍 Definition

Asana is a project management software that helps teams organize, track, and manage their work.

🚀 Origin

Asana was co-founded by Dustin Moskovitz and Justin Rosenstein, both involved in leading engineering teams at Facebook. The beta version of Asana was officially launched in November 2011.

🧘‍♂️ Connection to Yoga

The word \"asana\" comes from Sanskrit and is used in yoga to refer to a posture or position.

📊 Functionality

It allows for task and project management, team collaboration, and goal tracking.

🌐 Accessibility

Asana is available online, making it convenient for remote and distributed teams.

🔄 Relation to Kanban

Asana facilitates the implementation of the Kanban method, acting as an information radiator by allowing tasks to be visualized on boards. These boards provide a clear view of the workflow and the progress of each task.

🔗 Access

To access Asana, visit their website

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Trello","slug":"trello","url":"/en/que-es/trello","question":"What is Trello?","content":"Trello is a visual project management tool that allows teams to organize ta..."},{"title":"SLA","slug":"sla","url":"/en/que-es/sla","question":"What does SLA mean?","content":"Service Level Agreement, or SLA, is a contract between a service provider a..."},{"title":"Multitasking","slug":"multitasking","url":"/en/que-es/multitasking","question":"What does multitasking mean?","content":"Multitasking, or multitasking, involves the concurrent performance of multi..."},{"title":"Waste","slug":"waste","url":"/en/que-es/waste","question":"What does waste mean?","content":"In Lean management, waste refers to any activity that consumes resources bu..."},{"title":"Lean","slug":"lean","url":"/en/que-es/lean","question":"What is Lean?","content":"Lean is the application of manufacturing principles to the development and..."}]},{"title":"ASAP","question":"What does ASAP mean?","description":"As soon as possible.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["expression"],"published":true,"slug":"asap","content":"

🔍 Meaning

ASAP means \"As Soon As Possible\" and is an acronym used to indicate the urgency of a request or task.

📧 Usage

Commonly used in emails to signal that something needs attention or completion urgently.

💬 Informal Context

It's also used in informal communication, such as text messages and chats, to convey the need for a quick response or action.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Waste","slug":"waste","url":"/en/que-es/waste","question":"What does waste mean?","content":"In Lean management, waste refers to any activity that consumes resources bu..."},{"title":"Beta","slug":"beta","url":"/en/que-es/beta","question":"What is a beta version?","content":"A beta version, also known as a preview, is a pre-release version of softwa..."},{"title":"DDD","slug":"ddd---domain-driven-design","url":"/en/que-es/ddd---domain-driven-design","question":"What is DDD?","content":"Domain-Driven Design (DDD) is a software development approach focused on cr..."},{"title":"Copilot (AI)","slug":"copilot---ai","url":"/en/que-es/copilot---ai","question":"What is an AI Copilot?","content":"An AI Copilot is an artificial intelligence assistant designed to work alon..."},{"title":"Banner Blindness","slug":"banner-blindness","url":"/en/que-es/banner-blindness","question":"What is Banner Blindness?","content":"Banner Blindness is a psychological and behavioral phenomenon observed in i..."}]},{"title":"Automation (AI)","question":"What is AI-powered Automation?","description":"Using artificial intelligence to automatically perform tasks that previously required human intervention or decision-making.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["ai","productivity","technology"],"published":true,"slug":"automation---ai","content":"

🤖 Definition

AI-powered Automation is the use of artificial intelligence to automatically perform tasks, make decisions, and execute processes that previously required human intervention, judgment, or manual execution.

🎯 Purpose

AI automation aims to increase efficiency, reduce errors, and free humans from repetitive or complex tasks by leveraging machine intelligence to handle routine operations and decision-making processes.

⚙️ Function

AI automation works by combining machine learning models with workflow systems to analyze inputs, make intelligent decisions based on patterns and rules, and execute appropriate actions without human oversight.

🌟 Example

An email system that automatically categorizes incoming messages, prioritizes urgent communications, schedules meetings based on content, and drafts initial responses using natural language processing.

🔗 Related

Connected to Machine Learning, Workflow Automation, Robotic Process Automation (RPA), Business Process Management, and Intelligent Process Automation.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":[],"related":[{"title":"Ambient AI","slug":"ambient-ai","url":"/en/que-es/ambient-ai","question":"What is Ambient AI?","content":"Ambient AI refers to artificial intelligence that operates seamlessly in th..."},{"title":"Copilot (AI)","slug":"copilot---ai","url":"/en/que-es/copilot---ai","question":"What is an AI Copilot?","content":"An AI Copilot is an artificial intelligence assistant designed to work alon..."},{"title":"Agent","slug":"agent","url":"/en/que-es/agent","question":"What is an AI Agent?","content":"An Agent is a software entity that can take actions autonomously on behalf..."},{"title":"Vibe Coding","slug":"vibe-coding","url":"/en/que-es/vibe-coding","question":"What is Vibe Coding?","content":"Vibe Coding is a programming approach coined by Andrej Karpathy in 2025, wh..."},{"title":"Cluster (GPU Cluster)","slug":"cluster---gpu","url":"/en/que-es/cluster---gpu","question":"What is a GPU Cluster?","content":"A GPU Cluster is a collection of graphics processing units (GPUs) networked..."}]},{"title":"AWS","question":"What is AWS?","description":"It is a cloud services platform.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["amazon","aws","cloud services","computing","storage"],"published":true,"slug":"aws","content":"

🌐 Definition

AWS is a cloud services platform that offers a wide range of services, including computing power, storage, and databases, for individuals, businesses, and governments.

🚀 Key Features

It provides on-demand IT resource delivery over the Internet with pay-as-you-go pricing, enabling scalability and flexibility for users.

🔒 Security

AWS has a robust set of security tools and certifications.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Cluster (GPU Cluster)","slug":"cluster---gpu","url":"/en/que-es/cluster---gpu","question":"What is a GPU Cluster?","content":"A GPU Cluster is a collection of graphics processing units (GPUs) networked..."},{"title":"Scope","slug":"scope","url":"/en/que-es/scope","question":"What is Scope?","content":"When we talk about scope, we refer to the set of tasks, work, and deliverab..."},{"title":"Self-Management","slug":"self-management","url":"/en/que-es/self-management","question":"What is Self-Management?","content":"In the context of Scrum, self-management refers to the concept of teams man..."},{"title":"Spike","slug":"spikes","url":"/en/que-es/spikes","question":"What is a Spike?","content":"A spike is a time-boxed research, investigation, or experimentation task us..."},{"title":"WET","slug":"wet","url":"/en/que-es/wet","question":"What does WET mean?","content":"The WET principle, translating to 'Write Everything Twice' or 'We Enjoy Typ..."}]},{"title":"AX (Agentic Experience)","question":"What is AX?","description":"An extension of UX for the AI Age, designing agentic products that feel like relationships rather than tools.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["ai","ux"],"published":true,"slug":"ax---agentic-experience","content":"

🤖 Definition

AX (Agentic Experience) is an extension of UX for the AI Age, focusing on the practice of designing agentic products that feel less like tools and more like relationships, with trust at the center.

🎯 Purpose

AX aims to create meaningful interactions between humans and AI agents, emphasizing relationship-building, trust, and collaborative experiences rather than traditional tool-based interfaces.

⚙️ Function

AX design involves creating AI systems that demonstrate reasoning, ask clarifying questions, show their thought processes, and build trust through transparency and consistent behavior patterns.

🌟 Example

Shortcut AI's agent asks open questions to refine its task, then shows reasoning to build trust as it generates the output, creating a collaborative rather than transactional experience.

🔗 Related

AX was pioneered by the team at LCA and represents the evolution from traditional UX design to human-AI interaction design patterns.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":[],"related":[{"title":"Ambient AI","slug":"ambient-ai","url":"/en/que-es/ambient-ai","question":"What is Ambient AI?","content":"Ambient AI refers to artificial intelligence that operates seamlessly in th..."},{"title":"Anthropomorphization","slug":"anthropomorphization","url":"/en/que-es/anthropomorphization","question":"What is Anthropomorphization in AI?","content":"Anthropomorphization in AI is the human tendency to attribute human charact..."},{"title":"Context (AI)","slug":"context---ai","url":"/en/que-es/context---ai","question":"What is Context in AI?","content":"Context in AI refers to the surrounding information, situational awareness,..."},{"title":"Vibe Coding","slug":"vibe-coding","url":"/en/que-es/vibe-coding","question":"What is Vibe Coding?","content":"Vibe Coding is a programming approach coined by Andrej Karpathy in 2025, wh..."},{"title":"Banner Blindness","slug":"banner-blindness","url":"/en/que-es/banner-blindness","question":"What is Banner Blindness?","content":"Banner Blindness is a psychological and behavioral phenomenon observed in i..."}]},{"title":"Backbone","question":"What is the Backbone in User Story Mapping?","description":"Represents the high-level activities that a user will perform.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["USM","User Story Map","roadmap","user"],"published":true,"slug":"backbone","content":"

📚 Definition

In a User Story Map, the Backbone or main structure represents the high-level activities that a user will perform when using the product.

🔑 Importance

It serves as the main structure for organizing and understanding the flow of product use.

🛠️ Usage

The main structure guides the identification and arrangement of more detailed user stories, helping in the creation of a comprehensive product roadmap.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","ja","ko","nl","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"IT Roadmap","slug":"roadmap","url":"/en/que-es/roadmap","question":"What is an IT roadmap?","content":"In IT, a roadmap is a visual representation of a strategic plan that aligns..."},{"title":"Impact Map","slug":"impact-mapping","url":"/en/que-es/impact-mapping","question":"What is Impact Mapping?","content":"Impact Mapping is a visual technique used to help teams focus on the goals..."},{"title":"Discovery","slug":"discovery","url":"/en/que-es/discovery","question":"What is Discovery?","content":"Discovery is the process of determining what product or service to build, f..."},{"title":"Backlog","slug":"backlog","url":"/en/que-es/backlog","question":"What is a Backlog?","content":"A backlog is an ordered list of work for a development team that is derived..."},{"title":"Banner Blindness","slug":"banner-blindness","url":"/en/que-es/banner-blindness","question":"What is Banner Blindness?","content":"Banner Blindness is a psychological and behavioral phenomenon observed in i..."}]},{"title":"Backlog","question":"What is a Backlog?","description":"It is an ordered list of tasks.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["agile","product","scrum"],"published":true,"slug":"backlog","content":"

📋 Definition

A backlog is an ordered list of work for a development team that is derived from the roadmap and its requirements.

🔑 Importance

It serves as a list of a project's work items, helps plan iterations, and facilitates collective prioritization.

🎯 Prioritization

Backlog items should be prioritized based on criteria such as customer value or the difficulty of implementation.

📝 Detailing

The most important items are detailed more, while less priority ones have fewer details and are typically at the bottom of the Backlog.

🔄 Living List

It is a living list that should change as development progresses on its items.

🏉 Scrum

In Scrum, there are two types of artifacts that employ the concept of Backlog: Product Backlog and Sprint Backlog.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Scrum Master","slug":"scrum-master","url":"/en/que-es/scrum-master","question":"What is a Scrum Master?","content":"The Scrum Master is one of the three key roles in the Scrum framework, resp..."},{"title":"Agile Manifesto","slug":"agile-manifesto","url":"/en/que-es/agile-manifesto","question":"What is the Agile Manifesto?","content":"The Agile Manifesto is a document created on February 12, 2001, by 17 softw..."},{"title":"Scrum","slug":"scrum","url":"/en/que-es/scrum","question":"What is Scrum?","content":"Scrum is an Agile framework designed to develop adaptive solutions to compl..."},{"title":"Features","slug":"feature","url":"/en/que-es/feature","question":"What is a feature?","content":"A feature, or characteristic, is a portion of functionality that delivers v..."},{"title":"Burnup Chart","slug":"burnup-chart","url":"/en/que-es/burnup-chart","question":"What is a burnup chart?","content":"A burnup chart is a visual representation that shows the amount of work com..."}]},{"title":"Banner Blindness","question":"What is Banner Blindness?","description":"A phenomenon where internet users consciously ignore banner-like graphics or advertisements.","date":"2026-02-22","categories":["marketing","ui","user-experience","ux"],"published":true,"slug":"banner-blindness","content":"

🔍 Definition

Banner Blindness is a psychological and behavioral phenomenon observed in internet users, where they tend to consciously or unconsciously ignore graphical or advertising elements perceived as banners, even if they contain relevant information.

According to a landmark study by the Nielsen Norman Group (Nielsen, 2007), users fixate on banner-like areas for less than 1 second on average, and eye-tracking research shows that 86% of users never look at banner ads at all. This makes banner blindness one of the most significant challenges in digital advertising and UX design.

As Jakob Nielsen, co-founder of the Nielsen Norman Group, states: \"Users have learned to ignore anything that looks like an advertisement, whether or not it actually is one. This learned behavior means that even important system notifications get overlooked when they visually resemble ads.\"

🚀 Origin

The concept of Banner Blindness was introduced in 1998 by Jan Panero Benway and David M. Lane through studies that showed how internet users avoided focusing on graphical ads that resembled banners. Their research, published at Rice University, demonstrated that participants failed to find information presented in banner-like formats even when actively searching for it.

🧠 Context

This phenomenon is linked to the saturation of advertising on the web. Users have developed a sort of mental filter to identify and divert attention away from elements they perceive as irrelevant or disruptive to their browsing experience. HubSpot research (2024) reports that the average internet user is exposed to 6,000-10,000 ads per day, up from approximately 500 per day in the 1970s, explaining why banner blindness has intensified over time.

🔁 Impact on UX

Banner Blindness directly affects the usability and effectiveness of web designs and advertising strategies. Important elements like alerts or call-to-action buttons can be ignored if they resemble an advertisement. According to Google/Ipsos research (2023), the average click-through rate (CTR) for display ads is only 0.1%, compared to 3.17% for search ads.

🤝 Relation to User Behavior

It relates to users' desire to focus on content they consider most relevant, minimizing distractions. This phenomenon has changed how designers and advertisers structure information.

📈 Consequences

Traditional banners have lower click-through rates due to this behavior. This forces professionals to reconsider their advertising designs and innovate in ways to capture users' attention. A study by Infolinks (2023) found that only 14% of users could recall the last display ad they saw, and even fewer could identify the brand or product being promoted.

🛠 Strategies to Combat Banner Blindness

To combat Banner Blindness, strategies such as native design, which integrates ads into content to make them less intrusive, and personalization, which delivers highly relevant ads to each user, can be used. Interactivity, with dynamic elements, and framing, by presenting information attractively and coherently with the site's design, also help capture attention. According to a report by Sharethrough and IPG Media Lab, native ads receive 53% more visual attention than traditional banner ads and generate an 18% higher purchase intent.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","ja","ko","nl","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Framing","slug":"framing","url":"/en/que-es/framing","question":"What is Framing?","content":"Framing is a communication technique that involves presenting information w..."},{"title":"A/B Testing","slug":"test-a-b","url":"/en/que-es/test-a-b","question":"What are A/B Tests?","content":"A/B tests, also known as A/B split tests, are a method for comparing two ve..."},{"title":"Ambient AI","slug":"ambient-ai","url":"/en/que-es/ambient-ai","question":"What is Ambient AI?","content":"Ambient AI refers to artificial intelligence that operates seamlessly in th..."},{"title":"Generative UI","slug":"generative-ui","url":"/en/que-es/generative-ui","question":"What is Generative UI?","content":"Generative UI refers to user interfaces that are dynamically created, modif..."},{"title":"Anthropomorphization","slug":"anthropomorphization","url":"/en/que-es/anthropomorphization","question":"What is Anthropomorphization in AI?","content":"Anthropomorphization in AI is the human tendency to attribute human charact..."}]},{"title":"BDD","question":"What is BDD?","description":"BDD stands for Behavior Driven Development.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["bdd","collaboration","dev","gherkin","it","software development","testing"],"published":true,"slug":"bdd","content":"

📜 Definition

Behavior Driven Development (BDD) is a software development process that aims to improve collaboration. It focuses on defining the behavior of the system from the user's perspective, using specifications written in natural language.

🌐 Context

BDD evolved from Test Driven Development (TDD), with a more user-oriented approach towards the requirements and system behavior. This approach helps ensure that software development is better aligned with the expectations and needs of the end user.

🏔️ Evolution from TDD

The transition from TDD to BDD is characterized by a shift in focus from tests based solely on code to tests based on the system's behavior from the user's perspective. This facilitates a deeper understanding of the user's needs and how the system should behave to meet them.

💎 Gherkin Language

BDD uses the Gherkin language to write specifications in a way that is understandable to both technical and non-technical team members. This allows the specifications to act as a shared source of truth, improving communication and reducing misunderstandings.

📄 Alignment

BDD promotes a shared understanding of the expected software behavior, ensuring that everyone involved, including non-technical stakeholders, has a clear understanding of the project's goals. This approach helps to avoid discrepancies between what the business needs and what the development team delivers.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"API","slug":"api","url":"/en/que-es/api","question":"What is an API?","content":"An API, or Application Programming Interface, is a set of rules and protoco..."},{"title":"Three Amigos","slug":"three-amigos","url":"/en/que-es/three-amigos","question":"What does Three Amigos mean?","content":"\"Three Amigos\" is a collaborative practice in agile software development wh..."},{"title":"Architect","slug":"architect","url":"/en/que-es/architect","question":"What is an Architect?","content":"The term 'computer architecture' was first used by IBM around 1959, referri..."},{"title":"Alpha","slug":"alpha","url":"/en/que-es/alpha","question":"What is an Alpha version?","content":"An Alpha version is an early stage of a software product, typically release..."},{"title":"Benchmark (AI)","slug":"benchmark---ai","url":"/en/que-es/benchmark---ai","question":"What is an AI Benchmark?","content":"An AI Benchmark is a standardized test, dataset, or evaluation methodology..."}]},{"title":"BDFL (Benevolent Dictator For Life)","question":"What is a BDFL?","description":"A term describing the permanent leader of an open source project who has the final authority to make decisions.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["Community Management","Governance","Open Source","Project Leadership"],"published":true,"slug":"bdfl","content":"

👑 Definition

BDFL stands for \"Benevolent Dictator For Life\" - a term describing the permanent leader of an open source project who has the final authority to make decisions. This person uses their authority to serve the project and community, not for personal gain.

🌟 Characteristics

A BDFL is characterized by:

Benevolence: Acting in the best interests of the project and community
Final Authority: Having the last word on important decisions
Long-term Commitment: Maintaining leadership over extended periods
Technical Vision: Providing consistent direction for the project
Community Respect: Being trusted and respected by contributors

📚 Famous Examples

Historical BDFLs

Python: Guido van Rossum (stepped down in 2018)
Linux Kernel: Linus Torvalds (still active)
Django: Adrian Holovaty & Jacob Kaplan-Moss
Ruby: Yukihiro \"Matz\" Matsumoto
Perl: Larry Wall

Current BDFLs

FreeBSD: Jordan Hubbard
PHP: Rasmus Lerdorf (creator, though governance has evolved)
Vue.js: Evan You

⚖️ Advantages

Decision Making Benefits:

Speed: Quick resolution of difficult decisions
Consistency: Unified vision for the project
Conflict Resolution: Effective resolution of disputes
Direction: Clear leadership and project continuity

Project Stability:

Consistent architectural decisions
Clear communication channels
Reduced political infighting
Stable development roadmap

⚠️ Risks and Disadvantages

Single Point of Failure:

Bus Factor = 1: Project vulnerability if BDFL becomes unavailable
Bottleneck: All major decisions require BDFL approval
Burnout Risk: Excessive responsibility on one person
Succession Crisis: Difficulty in leadership transition

Potential Downsides:

Power Abuse: Potential for misuse of authority
Innovation Suppression: May discourage alternative approaches
Community Alienation: Risk of alienating contributors
Democratic Deficit: Lack of inclusive decision-making

🔄 Evolution and Transition

Common Evolution Patterns

Single Founder → BDFL → Committee Governance
BDFL → Core Team leadership
BDFL → Foundation management
BDFL → Democratic processes

Successful Transitions

Python: From Guido to Python Steering Council
Node.js: From Ryan Dahl to Technical Steering Committee
Angular: From Misko Hevery to team leadership

🚪 Graceful Exit Strategies

Best Practices for BDFLs:

Early Planning: Begin succession planning before it's needed
Knowledge Transfer: Document decision-making processes and rationale
Leadership Development: Mentor and train potential successors
Gradual Transition: Slowly reduce involvement while maintaining oversight
Governance Structure: Establish alternative decision-making frameworks

Preparation Steps:

Create comprehensive documentation
Build strong core contributor team
Establish clear project governance rules
Train multiple people in critical skills
Set up formal decision-making processes

🏛️ Alternative Governance Models

Technical Steering Committee (TSC)

Distributed leadership among core contributors
Democratic decision-making processes
Examples: Node.js, Kubernetes

Core Team Leadership

Small group of trusted maintainers
Shared responsibilities and decisions
Examples: React, Vue.js (evolved model)

Foundation Governance

Formal organization with board of directors
Professional management structure
Examples: Apache Foundation, Linux Foundation

Democratic Governance

Community voting on major decisions
Open participation in governance
Examples: Debian, Fedora

📊 Measuring BDFL Effectiveness

Success Indicators:

Project growth and adoption
Community satisfaction and engagement
Contributor retention rates
Quality of releases and stability
Innovation and feature development

Warning Signs:

Declining community participation
Frequent contributor conflicts
Slow decision-making processes
Lack of succession planning
Community frustration with leadership

🎯 Best Practices for BDFLs

Communication

Transparency: Be open about decision-making rationale
Regular Updates: Provide consistent project updates
Community Engagement: Actively participate in community discussions
Feedback Reception: Be open to criticism and suggestions

Leadership Style

Mentorship: Guide and develop other contributors
Delegation: Share responsibilities appropriately
Recognition: Acknowledge community contributions
Vision Sharing: Clearly communicate project direction

Succession Preparation

Document Everything: Record processes and decisions
Build Systems: Create processes that work without your presence
Develop Leaders: Identify and nurture potential successors
Plan Ahead: Don't wait for crisis to plan transition

🌐 Modern Considerations

Distributed Development

Remote teams require different leadership approaches
Asynchronous communication challenges
Cultural diversity considerations
Time zone coordination

Commercial vs Open Source

Balancing commercial interests with community needs
Managing sponsored development
Maintaining project independence
Handling corporate influence

Scale Challenges

Managing large contributor communities
Handling increased responsibility
Maintaining personal work-life balance
Dealing with public scrutiny

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","es"],"related":[{"title":"API","slug":"api","url":"/en/que-es/api","question":"What is an API?","content":"An API, or Application Programming Interface, is a set of rules and protoco..."},{"title":"Fibonacci Sequence","slug":"fibonacci","url":"/en/que-es/fibonacci","question":"What is the Fibonacci Sequence?","content":"The Fibonacci Sequence is an infinite series of natural numbers where each..."},{"title":"Agile Release Train","slug":"agile-release-train","url":"/en/que-es/agile-release-train","question":"¿Qué es Agile Release Train?","content":"El Agile Release Train (ART) es un conjunto cohesionado de equipos Agile qu..."},{"title":"Scrum@Scale","slug":"scrumscale","url":"/en/que-es/scrumscale","question":"What is Scrum@Scale?","content":"One of the biggest challenges for organizations using Scrum is expanding th..."},{"title":"RAG (Retrieval-Augmented Generation)","slug":"rag","url":"/en/que-es/rag","question":"What is RAG?","content":"RAG, or Retrieval-Augmented Generation, is a technique that enhances the ou..."}]},{"title":"Benchmark (AI)","question":"What is an AI Benchmark?","description":"A standardized test or dataset used to evaluate and compare the performance of AI models across specific tasks.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["ai","evaluation","testing"],"published":true,"slug":"benchmark---ai","content":"

🤖 Definition

An AI Benchmark is a standardized test, dataset, or evaluation methodology used to measure and compare the performance of artificial intelligence models on specific tasks, capabilities, or domains.

🎯 Purpose

AI benchmarks provide objective ways to assess model capabilities, track progress over time, compare different approaches, and identify areas where AI systems excel or need improvement.

⚙️ Function

AI benchmarks work by providing consistent test conditions, datasets, and evaluation metrics that allow researchers and practitioners to measure model performance in areas like accuracy, speed, robustness, and generalization.

🌟 Example

GLUE (General Language Understanding Evaluation) benchmark that tests language models across tasks like sentiment analysis, question answering, and textual entailment to assess their natural language understanding capabilities.

🔗 Related

Connected to Model Evaluation, Performance Metrics, Testing Frameworks, AI Research, and Quality Assurance in machine learning.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["es","ja","ko","ru","th"],"related":[{"title":"Evals","slug":"evals","url":"/en/que-es/evals","question":"What are Evals in AI?","content":"Evals (Evaluations) are systematic tests and assessment frameworks designed..."},{"title":"Ground Truth","slug":"ground-truth","url":"/en/que-es/ground-truth","question":"What is Ground Truth in AI?","content":"Ground Truth in AI refers to the accurate, verified, or objectively correct..."},{"title":"Evaluation Harness","slug":"evaluation-harness","url":"/en/que-es/evaluation-harness","question":"What is an Evaluation Harness?","content":"An evaluation harness is a standardized software framework designed to syst..."},{"title":"Feedback Loop","slug":"feedback-loop","url":"/en/que-es/feedback-loop","question":"What is a Feedback Loop in AI?","content":"A Feedback Loop in AI is a cyclic process where the system's outputs, user..."},{"title":"GPT","slug":"gpt","url":"/en/que-es/gpt","question":"What is GPT?","content":"GPT (Generative Pre-trained Transformer) is a type of large language model..."}]},{"title":"Beta","question":"What is a beta version?","description":"It is a pre-release version of software made available to a select group of users for testing.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["alpha","development","feedback","mvp","software","version"],"published":true,"slug":"beta","content":"

🔬 Definition

A beta version, also known as a preview, is a pre-release version of software made available to a select group of users for testing.

🛠️ Purpose

It allows developers to gather feedback, identify and fix bugs, and ensure the stability and functionality of the software before its official release to the public.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Alpha","slug":"alpha","url":"/en/que-es/alpha","question":"What is an Alpha version?","content":"An Alpha version is an early stage of a software product, typically release..."},{"title":"ALM","slug":"alm","url":"/en/que-es/alm","question":"What does ALM stand for?","content":"ALM, or Application Lifecycle Management, refers to the process of managing..."},{"title":"Tester","slug":"tester","url":"/en/que-es/tester","question":"What is a tester?","content":"A tester, also known as a test engineer or QA (Quality Assurance), is prima..."},{"title":"SOLID","slug":"solid","url":"/en/que-es/solid","question":"What are the SOLID principles?","content":"The SOLID principles were introduced by Robert C. Martin, also known as Unc..."},{"title":"WET","slug":"wet","url":"/en/que-es/wet","question":"What does WET mean?","content":"The WET principle, translating to 'Write Everything Twice' or 'We Enjoy Typ..."}]},{"title":"Backend for Frontend - BFF","question":"What is Backend for Frontend BFF?","description":"An architectural pattern that creates specific backend services for each type of frontend interface.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["BFF","architectural pattern","backend services","user experience"],"published":true,"slug":"bff","content":"

🔄 Definition

Backend for Frontend (BFF) is an architectural pattern that involves creating specific backend services for each type of frontend interface, optimizing and adapting the backend to the unique needs of each frontend.

📱 Purpose

BFF is used to improve the user experience by customizing backend services to the requirements of different frontend interfaces, such as web, mobile, or third-party applications.

🔧 Implementation

BFF is implemented by introducing a layer of backend services that act as intermediaries between the main backend and the frontends, managing specific requests and responses for each frontend.

🚀 Benefits

BFF enhances adaptability, independence of frontend and backend teams, performance, and ease of evolution in software applications.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"OKRs","slug":"okr","url":"/en/que-es/okr","question":"What does OKR mean?","content":"OKRs were developed by Andrew Grove at Intel in the 1970s and later popular..."},{"title":"Scrum of Scrums (SoS)","slug":"scrum-of-scrums","url":"/en/que-es/scrum-of-scrums","question":"What is Scrum of Scrums?","content":"Scrum of Scrums (SoS) is a scaling technique for coordinating work among mu..."},{"title":"Senior","slug":"senior","url":"/en/que-es/senior","question":"What is a Senior?","content":"A senior developer typically has more than 5 years of experience, with a hi..."},{"title":"Spike","slug":"spikes","url":"/en/que-es/spikes","question":"What is a Spike?","content":"A spike is a time-boxed research, investigation, or experimentation task us..."},{"title":"WIP","slug":"wip---work-in-progress","url":"/en/que-es/wip---work-in-progress","question":"What does WIP mean?","content":"Work In Progress (WIP) refers to tasks or products that are in the process..."}]},{"title":"Blended Learning","question":"What is blended learning?","description":"It is an educational approach that integrates face-to-face instruction with online learning activities.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["b-learning","blended learning","education","educational technology","online learning"],"published":true,"slug":"blended-learning","content":"

🔍 Definition

Blended Learning, also known as B-learning, is an educational approach that combines face-to-face instruction with online learning activities.

🎯 Purpose

This method aims to integrate the best of both educational worlds to enrich the learning experience of students.

💻 Online Component

The online part of the training does not replace in-person classes but complements them, providing a more flexible and interactive learning experience.

🔄 Flipped Classroom

The term Flipped Classroom refers to the learning approach where students learn new content at home through online resources and then apply it in class with the teacher's guidance.

📈 Benefits

Some of the benefits of Blended Learning include interaction, flexibility, student engagement, and accessibility.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Escape Hatch","slug":"escape-hatch","url":"/en/que-es/escape-hatch","question":"What is an Escape Hatch in AI?","content":"An Escape Hatch in AI is a safety mechanism that provides users or systems..."},{"title":"Scrum of Scrums (SoS)","slug":"scrum-of-scrums","url":"/en/que-es/scrum-of-scrums","question":"What is Scrum of Scrums?","content":"Scrum of Scrums (SoS) is a scaling technique for coordinating work among mu..."},{"title":"Stakeholders","slug":"stakeholder","url":"/en/que-es/stakeholder","question":"What is a Stakeholder?","content":"A stakeholder is any individual or group of individuals with an interest in..."},{"title":"Nexus","slug":"nexus","url":"/en/que-es/nexus","question":"What is Nexus?","content":"Nexus is a framework developed by Ken Schwaber and scrum.org for scaling Sc..."},{"title":"KPI","slug":"kpi---key-performance-indicator","url":"/en/que-es/kpi---key-performance-indicator","question":"What does KPI mean?","content":"Key Performance Indicator (KPI), or Key Performance Indicator, is a quantif..."}]},{"title":"Blockages","question":"What is a blockage?","description":"Refers to any obstacle that stops the delivery of a product, paralyzing the team's progress.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["agile","blockage","impediment","kanban","scrum"],"published":true,"slug":"blockages","content":"

📜 Definition

In frameworks like Scrum and Kanban, a 'blockage' refers to any obstacle that completely stops the delivery of a product, preventing the team's progress.

🚫 Impediment vs. Blockage

It is crucial to distinguish between 'impediment', which slows down progress, and 'blockage', which completely stops delivery. Quick identification and resolution of blockages are essential to maintain workflow and product delivery.

🔄 Workflow

Agile teams must address and resolve 'blockages' quickly to ensure a continuous workflow and effective product delivery. This requires constant communication and proactive actions to identify, escalate, and eliminate these obstacles.

🏉 Scrum

In Scrum, the Scrum Master plays a key role in facilitating the resolution of 'blockages', working to ensure that the team can continue their work without interruptions.

📊 Kanban Method

In Kanban, 'blockages' are visualized on the board to indicate where work has stopped. This visibility helps to quickly identify and address obstacles.

🔴 Red Post-its

Red post-its are often used to represent 'blockages' on a board, providing clear visibility of urgent issues that need resolution.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["de","fr"],"related":[{"title":"Agile Manifesto","slug":"agile-manifesto","url":"/en/que-es/agile-manifesto","question":"What is the Agile Manifesto?","content":"The Agile Manifesto is a document created on February 12, 2001, by 17 softw..."},{"title":"Downstream","slug":"downstream","url":"/en/que-es/downstream","question":"What is downstream?","content":"Refers to the activities from the receipt of a request to the completion of..."},{"title":"Features","slug":"feature","url":"/en/que-es/feature","question":"What is a feature?","content":"A feature, or characteristic, is a portion of functionality that delivers v..."},{"title":"Throughput","slug":"throughput","url":"/en/que-es/throughput","question":"What is throughput?","content":"In the Kanban method, 'throughput' is used to describe the total number of..."},{"title":"Kanban","slug":"kanban","url":"/en/que-es/kanban","question":"What is Kanban?","content":"Kanban is a lean method for managing and improving work flows in production..."}]},{"title":"Blue / Green","question":"What is Blue / Green deployment?","description":"It is a software deployment method that involves maintaining two identical production environments.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["ALM","CD","CI","DevOps","deployment"],"published":true,"slug":"blue-green","content":"

🔄 Definition

It is a software deployment method that involves maintaining two identical production environments, with one environment (blue) running the current version of the application and the other (green) running the new version.

🚦 Traffic Switching

Only one environment is receiving live traffic at any given time, with all production traffic directed to it, while the inactive environment is used for testing and rolling out new changes.

🔁 Rollback

If issues arise with the new version, traffic can be instantly switched back to the previous live environment, minimizing downtime and risk.

🌐 Goal

The method aims to reduce downtime during deployments by instantly redirecting requests from one environment to the other.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"DevOps","slug":"devops","url":"/en/que-es/devops","question":"What is DevOps?","content":"DevOps is a software development philosophy that focuses on communication,..."},{"title":"CI","slug":"ci","url":"/en/que-es/ci","question":"What does CI mean?","content":"Continuous Integration (CI) is a software development practice where develo..."},{"title":"CI/CD","slug":"ci-cd","url":"/en/que-es/ci-cd","question":"What are Continuous Integration (CI) and Continuous Deployment (CD)?","content":"CI involves the frequent integration of code changes into a shared reposito..."},{"title":"Canary Release","slug":"canary-release","url":"/en/que-es/canary-release","question":"What is a Canary Release?","content":"A Canary Release is a deployment strategy used in software development to r..."},{"title":"Feature Flags","slug":"feature-flag","url":"/en/que-es/feature-flag","question":"What is a Feature Flag?","content":"Feature Flags, also known as Feature Toggles, are a technique that allows d..."}]},{"title":"Body Shopping","question":"What is Body Shopping?","description":"It is the hiring of specialized people from one company for the development of projects and products in another.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["body shopping","human resources","it"],"published":true,"slug":"body-shopping","content":"

💼 Definition

Body shopping is a practice in the technology industry where companies provide human resources, often highly qualified professionals, to other companies to develop projects or products.

💰 Distribution of benefits

The company providing the professional (the 'body shop') charges a fee, usually monthly, to the client company for the services provided by the professional.

🔄 Long-term assignments

Professionals involved in body shopping typically work at the client's site for extended periods, although they are officially employed by the body shop.

📈 Reasons for use

Companies participate in body shopping due to the need for specialized skills for projects and the flexibility it offers in managing costs and workforce sizes.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","ja","ko","nl","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"BDD","slug":"bdd","url":"/en/que-es/bdd","question":"What is BDD?","content":"Behavior Driven Development (BDD) is a software development process that ai..."},{"title":"API","slug":"api","url":"/en/que-es/api","question":"What is an API?","content":"An API, or Application Programming Interface, is a set of rules and protoco..."},{"title":"Community of Practice - CoP","slug":"cop-comunidad-de-practicas","url":"/en/que-es/cop-comunidad-de-practicas","question":"What is a Community of Practice?","content":"A CoP (Community of Practice) is a group of people who share a concern, a s..."},{"title":"Design Sprint","slug":"design-sprint","url":"/en/que-es/design-sprint","question":"What is Design Sprint?","content":"Design Sprint is an agile product development process that allows the creat..."},{"title":"Lead Time","slug":"lead-time","url":"/en/que-es/lead-time","question":"What is Lead Time?","content":"Lead Time, or delivery time, is the total duration from the start to the co..."}]},{"title":"Bottom-Up","question":"What is the Bottom-Up transformation approach?","description":"It involves transformation coming from the teams up to the higher layers of the organization.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["agile","approach","empowerment","transformation"],"published":true,"slug":"bottom-up","content":"

⬆️ Definition

In Agile transformation, the Bottom-Up approach means that teams and individuals initiate Agile practices, with the transformation gradually permeating upwards, usually through management layers, across the organization.

👥 Empowerment

This method emphasizes empowerment and change at the team level, allowing for self-organization and the organic adoption of Agile principles.

📈 Progress

Bottom-up transformations often start with one or more pilot teams, allowing a step-by-step pollination approach to Agile implementation and the ability to adjust the process before scaling.

🚀 Flexibility

Teams can tailor the Agile approach to suit the specific needs of the organization, potentially leading to a more customized and effective transformation.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Self-Management","slug":"self-management","url":"/en/que-es/self-management","question":"What is Self-Management?","content":"In the context of Scrum, self-management refers to the concept of teams man..."},{"title":"Top-Down","slug":"top-down","url":"/en/que-es/top-down","question":"What does Top-Down mean in transformation?","content":"In the context of agile transformation, the 'top-down' approach refers to a..."},{"title":"Self-Organization","slug":"self-organization","url":"/en/que-es/self-organization","question":"What is Self-Organization?","content":"Self-organization in Agile refers to teams having the autonomy to make deci..."},{"title":"Agile Manifesto","slug":"agile-manifesto","url":"/en/que-es/agile-manifesto","question":"What is the Agile Manifesto?","content":"The Agile Manifesto is a document created on February 12, 2001, by 17 softw..."},{"title":"DevOps","slug":"devops","url":"/en/que-es/devops","question":"What is DevOps?","content":"DevOps is a software development philosophy that focuses on communication,..."}]},{"title":"Bug","question":"What is a bug?","description":"It is an error in the code that causes a malfunction in the program.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["bug","development","qa","software","test"],"published":true,"slug":"bug","content":"

🐛 Definition

In the context of software, a bug refers to an error or flaw in the code that causes a malfunction in the program.

💻 Origin

The term 'bug' was first used in 1889 by Thomas Edison to describe a technical problem, and since then has been adopted in computing to describe software issues.

🔍 Debugging

The process of finding and fixing bugs is called debugging, and tools known as debuggers are used by developers for this purpose.

💡 Importance

Bugs can have significant implications, from minor inconveniences to major security vulnerabilities.

🪲 Literal Meaning

The word bug literally means insect, and was humorously used to describe a technical problem when a moth caused an issue in a computer relay in 1947.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Testing","slug":"test","url":"/en/que-es/test","question":"What is Testing?","content":"Testing, or test, is a procedure conducted to verify and validate the funct..."},{"title":"UAT","slug":"uat","url":"/en/que-es/uat","question":"What does UAT stand for?","content":"Acceptance testing is a quality assurance process that evaluates whether a..."},{"title":"Tester","slug":"tester","url":"/en/que-es/tester","question":"What is a tester?","content":"A tester, also known as a test engineer or QA (Quality Assurance), is prima..."},{"title":"Tech Lead","slug":"tech-lead","url":"/en/que-es/tech-lead","question":"What is a Tech Lead?","content":"A Tech Lead (TL), also known as Technical Lead or Technical Leader, is a se..."},{"title":"SOLID","slug":"solid","url":"/en/que-es/solid","question":"What are the SOLID principles?","content":"The SOLID principles were introduced by Robert C. Martin, also known as Unc..."}]},{"title":"Build","question":"What is a build?","description":"A build is the process of compiling and packaging software into an executable artifact. Complete guide with build types, automation tools, CI/CD integration, and best practices.","date":"2026-02-22","categories":["CI/CD","DevOps","automation","build","software development","software quality"],"published":true,"slug":"build","content":"

Definition

In software development, a build refers to both the process of converting source code into a runnable software artifact and the resulting artifact itself. The build process typically involves compiling code, resolving dependencies, running transformations (transpilation, minification, bundling), executing tests, and packaging everything into a deployable format.

A build transforms human-readable source code into machine-executable software. Depending on the technology stack, the output can be a compiled binary, a packaged container image, a bundled JavaScript application, a mobile app package (APK/IPA), or any other distributable format.

The build process is foundational to modern software development. Reliable, reproducible, and fast builds are essential for continuous integration, continuous delivery, and the broader DevOps workflow.

The Build Process

A typical build process consists of several stages:

1. Source code retrieval

The build starts by fetching the latest source code from the version control system (Git, typically hosted on GitHub, GitLab, or Bitbucket).

2. Dependency resolution

External libraries and packages are downloaded and configured. Package managers like npm (JavaScript), Maven/Gradle (Java), pip (Python), NuGet (.NET), or Cargo (Rust) handle this automatically based on a dependency manifest file.

3. Compilation / Transpilation

Source code is transformed into executable form:

Compilation: converting source code to machine code or bytecode (C, C++, Java, Go, Rust).
Transpilation: converting code from one language version to another (TypeScript to JavaScript, modern ES2024 to ES5).
Interpretation: some languages (Python, Ruby) skip traditional compilation but may involve bytecode generation.

4. Static analysis and linting

Automated checks verify code quality, style compliance, and potential issues before the code runs. Tools like ESLint, SonarQube, and Pylint catch problems early in the process.

5. Testing

Automated tests are executed as part of the build:

Unit tests: testing individual functions and components in isolation.
Integration tests: testing interactions between components.
End-to-end tests: testing complete user workflows (sometimes deferred to a later stage).

6. Packaging

The build output is packaged into a distributable format:

Docker image: containerized application ready for deployment.
JAR/WAR: Java archive files for JVM applications.
Binary executable: compiled program for the target platform.
Bundle: optimized JavaScript/CSS for web applications.
App package: APK (Android) or IPA (iOS) for mobile applications.

7. Artifact publishing

The packaged build artifact is published to an artifact repository (Docker Hub, Artifactory, npm registry, Maven Central) from where it can be retrieved for deployment.

Types of Builds

Development build

Optimized for the developer's workflow: fast compilation, source maps, verbose logging, and debugging support enabled. Not intended for production use.

Test build

Configured for the testing environment: includes test fixtures, may connect to test databases, and enables detailed logging for troubleshooting test failures.

Staging build

Mirrors the production configuration as closely as possible but deployed to a non-production environment for final validation, UAT, and stakeholder review.

Production build

Fully optimized for performance and security: minification, tree-shaking, dead code elimination, asset optimization, and security hardening applied. This is the build that reaches end users.

Nightly build

An automated build that runs on a schedule (typically nightly) to catch integration issues early. While less common in teams with robust CI, nightly builds remain useful for long-running test suites or complex integration scenarios.

Release build

A build specifically tagged and versioned for a formal release. It includes version numbers, release notes, and may undergo additional signing or certification steps.

Build Automation Tools

Build automation replaces manual, error-prone build steps with reproducible, scripted processes:

Language-specific build tools

Tool	Language/Platform	Key feature
Maven	Java	Convention over configuration, dependency management
Gradle	Java/Kotlin/Android	Flexible, incremental builds
npm/yarn/pnpm	JavaScript/TypeScript	Package management and script execution
webpack/Vite/esbuild	Frontend JavaScript	Module bundling and optimization
MSBuild	.NET	Visual Studio integration
Cargo	Rust	Integrated package manager and build system
Go build	Go	Built into the language toolchain
pip/poetry	Python	Dependency management and packaging

General-purpose build tools

Make: the original build tool, still widely used for C/C++ and system-level projects. Uses Makefiles to define build targets and dependencies.
Bazel: Google's build system, designed for large monorepos with fast, hermetic, and reproducible builds.
Nx: build system for JavaScript/TypeScript monorepos with intelligent caching and task orchestration.
Turborepo: high-performance build system for JavaScript/TypeScript monorepos with remote caching.

CI/CD platforms

CI/CD platforms automate the entire build-test-deploy pipeline:

GitHub Actions: integrated CI/CD within GitHub.
Jenkins: self-hosted, open-source automation server.
GitLab CI: built into GitLab's platform.
CircleCI: cloud-based CI/CD platform.
Azure Pipelines: Microsoft's CI/CD service.

Build Best Practices

Keep builds fast

Slow builds reduce developer productivity and delay feedback. Strategies for faster builds include:

Incremental builds: only recompile files that changed.
Build caching: cache intermediate artifacts (dependency downloads, compiled modules) across builds.
Parallelization: run independent build steps concurrently.
Selective testing: run only tests affected by the changes.

Make builds reproducible

The same source code should always produce the same build output:

Lock dependency versions: use lock files (package-lock.json, Cargo.lock, go.sum) to pin exact dependency versions.
Use containerized build environments: Docker or similar containers ensure consistent build environments regardless of the host system.
Avoid environment-dependent logic: builds should not depend on the machine they run on.

Fail fast

Configure the build to fail as early as possible when issues are detected. Run fast checks (linting, compilation) before slower ones (integration tests, end-to-end tests). A build that fails in 10 seconds is far more useful than one that fails after 10 minutes.

Monitor build health

Track build metrics to identify trends and problems:

Build success rate: percentage of builds that pass. A declining rate signals growing code health issues.
Build duration: how long builds take. Increasing duration signals growing complexity or inefficient processes.
Flaky tests: tests that pass and fail intermittently. Flaky tests erode confidence in the build and should be fixed or quarantined.

Builds in Continuous Integration

In a CI workflow, builds are triggered automatically by events such as:

A developer pushes code to the repository.
A pull request is opened or updated.
A merge to the main branch occurs.
A scheduled trigger fires (nightly builds).

The CI build serves as the team's quality gate: if the build passes, the code meets the team's minimum quality standards. If it fails, the team is alerted immediately and the failing changes are not merged.

The green build rule

A fundamental CI principle is that the main branch build should always pass (be \"green\"). A broken (red) build should be the team's top priority to fix, because it blocks all other development. Teams that tolerate red builds lose the value of CI.

Build vs Deploy

It is important to distinguish between building and deploying:

Aspect	Build	Deploy
Purpose	Create a runnable artifact	Deliver the artifact to an environment
Output	A versioned artifact (binary, image, package)	A running service or application
When	Every code change	When a version is ready for an environment
Reversibility	Artifacts are immutable	Deployments can be rolled back

The principle of \"build once, deploy many\" means the same build artifact should be deployed to all environments (dev, staging, production) with environment-specific configuration injected at deploy time, not build time.

FAQ

What does \"the build is broken\" mean?

It means the automated build process failed -- the code does not compile, tests fail, or other quality checks did not pass. A broken build is typically the team's highest priority to fix because it blocks other developers from merging their work and validating their changes.

What is a build artifact?

A build artifact is the output of the build process: the deployable software package. Examples include Docker images, compiled binaries, JavaScript bundles, JAR files, or mobile app packages. Artifacts are stored in artifact repositories and uniquely identified by version numbers or hashes.

What is build caching?

Build caching stores the results of previous build steps (downloaded dependencies, compiled files, test results) so they can be reused in subsequent builds. This dramatically reduces build time when only a small portion of the code has changed. Remote build caches (like those in Nx, Turborepo, or Bazel) share cached results across team members and CI runners.

What is the difference between compilation and a build?

Compilation is one step within a build. Compilation converts source code to executable form. A build encompasses the entire process: dependency resolution, compilation, testing, analysis, and packaging. A build always includes compilation (or its equivalent), but adds many other steps.

How often should builds run?

In a CI environment, builds should run on every push to the repository and every pull request update. This provides immediate feedback to developers about the impact of their changes. The faster the build, the more practical it is to run frequently.

What is a monorepo build?

In a monorepo (a single repository containing multiple projects or services), builds must be intelligent about what to build. Tools like Bazel, Nx, and Turborepo analyze the dependency graph to determine which projects are affected by a change and only build those, rather than rebuilding everything. This keeps build times manageable even as the repository grows.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Rollback","slug":"rollback","url":"/en/que-es/rollback","question":"What does rollback mean?","content":"Rollback is a term used in software development and system administration t..."},{"title":"CI","slug":"ci","url":"/en/que-es/ci","question":"What does CI mean?","content":"Continuous Integration (CI) is a software development practice where develo..."},{"title":"CD","slug":"cd","url":"/en/que-es/cd","question":"What is CD?","content":"Continuous Deployment, or Continuous Delivery, is a software engineering ap..."},{"title":"ALM","slug":"alm","url":"/en/que-es/alm","question":"What does ALM stand for?","content":"ALM, or Application Lifecycle Management, refers to the process of managing..."},{"title":"Blue / Green","slug":"blue-green","url":"/en/que-es/blue-green","question":"What is Blue / Green deployment?","content":"It is a software deployment method that involves maintaining two identical..."}]},{"title":"Burndown Chart","question":"What is a burndown chart?","description":"It is a visual representation of the amount of work remaining to be done over time.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["metric","progress tracking","scrum"],"published":true,"slug":"burndown-chart","content":"

📜 Definition

A burndown chart is a visual representation that shows the amount of work remaining to be done over time, commonly used in Scrum to track the progress of a project.

⏳ Time vs. Work

This chart demonstrates the relationship between the amount of pending work and the time available to complete it, helping teams manage their work and meet established deadlines. The horizontal axis of the chart represents time, while the vertical axis represents the amount of work remaining.

🔄 Iterative Tracking

The chart is updated regularly, throughout the sprint, to reflect actual progress.

🎯 Ideal Trend

It includes a line representing the ideal progress, showing how the work should decrease over time if everything goes as planned.

📈 Actual Trend

The actual remaining work is plotted against the ideal trend, providing a clear visualization of the expectation to finish the planned scope.

🔧 Performance Analysis

The chart also serves as a tool to evaluate team performance and identify areas for improvement.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Artifact","slug":"artifact","url":"/en/que-es/artifact","question":"What is an Artifact in Scrum?","content":"In the context of Scrum, an artifact is an element of the development proce..."},{"title":"Product Owner","slug":"product-owner","url":"/en/que-es/product-owner","question":"What is a Product Owner?","content":"The Product Owner (PO) is a key role in Scrum, responsible for maximizing t..."},{"title":"Blockages","slug":"blockages","url":"/en/que-es/blockages","question":"What is a blockage?","content":"In frameworks like Scrum and Kanban, a 'blockage' refers to any obstacle th..."},{"title":"CFD","slug":"cfd","url":"/en/que-es/cfd","question":"What is a CFD?","content":"A Cumulative Flow Diagram (CFD) is a visual tool used in Kanban to track th..."},{"title":"DoD - Definition of Done","slug":"dod-definition-of-done","url":"/en/que-es/dod-definition-of-done","question":"What is the Definition of Done?","content":"The Definition of Done, DoD, is a set of criteria that determines when a us..."}]},{"title":"Burnout","question":"What is burnout syndrome?","description":"A state of chronic stress in the workplace.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["burnout","mental health","stress"],"published":true,"slug":"burnout","content":"

🔥 Definition

Burnout, or 'burnout syndrome', refers to a state of chronic stress in the workplace that leads to physical and emotional fatigue, detachment, and a sense of reduced achievement.

🚨 Main symptoms

The main symptoms include general physical and mental exhaustion, depersonalization, decreased productivity, and a constant feeling of demotivation.

🔍 Identification

It can be identified by observing the presence of these symptoms over an extended period, often as a result of a significant discrepancy between job expectations and reality.

🛡️ Prevention

Prevention involves addressing personal and organizational factors, such as improving working conditions, providing support, and promoting a healthy balance between work and personal life.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","ja","ko","nl","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Scrum of Scrums (SoS)","slug":"scrum-of-scrums","url":"/en/que-es/scrum-of-scrums","question":"What is Scrum of Scrums?","content":"Scrum of Scrums (SoS) is a scaling technique for coordinating work among mu..."},{"title":"Generative UI","slug":"generative-ui","url":"/en/que-es/generative-ui","question":"What is Generative UI?","content":"Generative UI refers to user interfaces that are dynamically created, modif..."},{"title":"BDD","slug":"bdd","url":"/en/que-es/bdd","question":"What is BDD?","content":"Behavior Driven Development (BDD) is a software development process that ai..."},{"title":"FDD","slug":"fdd---feature-driven-development","url":"/en/que-es/fdd---feature-driven-development","question":"What is FDD?","content":"Feature Driven Development, or Development Guided by Features, is an agile..."},{"title":"Design System","slug":"design-system","url":"/en/que-es/design-system","question":"What is a Design System?","content":"A Design System is a collection of reusable components, guided by clear sta..."}]},{"title":"Burnup Chart","question":"What is a burnup chart?","description":"It is a visual representation of the amount of work completed over time.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["agile","metrics","scrum"],"published":true,"slug":"burnup-chart","content":"

📜 Definition

A burnup chart is a visual representation that shows the amount of work completed over time, illustrating the cumulative progress towards the scope or goals of the project.

🔍 Interpretation

The x-axis represents time, typically in sprints or weeks, while the y-axis represents the amount of work completed, often in story points or other relevant metrics.

🎯 Purpose

It is used by teams to track and forecast progress, manage scope changes, and make data-driven decisions.

⬇️ Contrast with Burndown Chart

Unlike the burnup chart, the burndown chart tracks the remaining work instead of completed work, with the ideal scope line decreasing over time.

🔄 Scrum

The burnup chart is a tool commonly used in agile frameworks like Scrum to monitor and manage delivery.

🔢 Ideal Line

A straight line is drawn to represent the ideal scope, indicating the total work that needs to be completed.

♻️ Scope Changes

The chart is updated to reflect any changes in scope, adjusting the ideal scope line accordingly.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Agile Manifesto","slug":"agile-manifesto","url":"/en/que-es/agile-manifesto","question":"What is the Agile Manifesto?","content":"The Agile Manifesto is a document created on February 12, 2001, by 17 softw..."},{"title":"Backlog","slug":"backlog","url":"/en/que-es/backlog","question":"What is a Backlog?","content":"A backlog is an ordered list of work for a development team that is derived..."},{"title":"DoD - Definition of Done","slug":"dod-definition-of-done","url":"/en/que-es/dod-definition-of-done","question":"What is the Definition of Done?","content":"The Definition of Done, DoD, is a set of criteria that determines when a us..."},{"title":"Blockages","slug":"blockages","url":"/en/que-es/blockages","question":"What is a blockage?","content":"In frameworks like Scrum and Kanban, a 'blockage' refers to any obstacle th..."},{"title":"Features","slug":"feature","url":"/en/que-es/feature","question":"What is a feature?","content":"A feature, or characteristic, is a portion of functionality that delivers v..."}]},{"title":"Bus Factor","question":"What is Bus Factor?","description":"A measurement of the risk resulting from information and capabilities not being shared among team members, from the phrase \"in case they get hit by a bus.\"","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["Project Continuity","Risk Management","Software Development","Team Dynamics"],"published":true,"slug":"bus-factor","content":"

🚌 Definition

Bus factor is a measurement of the risk resulting from information and capabilities not being shared among team members. It refers to the number of people who could \"get hit by a bus\" before a project becomes seriously compromised.

📊 The Concept

If only one person leaving can cripple the project, then the project has a bus factor of 1, indicating extremely high risk. This dependency on a few key developers in a software project is precisely what is known as bus factor in the IT world, alluding to what would happen if those people were hit by a bus one day.

⚠️ Risks

High Risk Indicators:

Single points of knowledge failure
Undocumented critical processes
Key systems known by only one person
No cross-training among team members

Potential Consequences:

Project delays or complete stoppage
Loss of institutional knowledge
Increased development costs
Difficulty maintaining systems

🎯 Objective

The goal is to increase the bus factor by:

Distributing knowledge among team members
Comprehensive documentation of processes and code
Training multiple people on critical components
Avoiding single-person dependencies on important parts

📚 Best Practices

Knowledge Sharing

Code Reviews: Ensure multiple people understand each part of the system
Documentation: Write comprehensive documentation for complex processes
Pair Programming: Share knowledge through collaborative coding
Knowledge Transfer Sessions: Regular meetings to share expertise

Team Structure

Cross-training: Rotate responsibilities among team members
Mentoring Programs: Establish internal mentoring relationships
Shadow Work: Have team members observe and learn critical tasks
Backup Responsibilities: Assign backup roles for critical functions

🔍 Assessment

To evaluate bus factor in your project:

Identification Process

Map Critical Knowledge: Identify what knowledge is essential
Single Point Analysis: Find people who are the only ones who understand specific parts
Documentation Audit: Assess completeness of documentation
Skill Matrix: Create a matrix showing who knows what

Warning Signs

One person handles all deployments
Only one developer understands the legacy system
No documentation for critical processes
Team members afraid to touch certain code

💡 Solutions

Immediate Actions

Knowledge Documentation: Document critical processes immediately
Code Comments: Add comprehensive comments to complex code
Process Documentation: Write step-by-step guides for important tasks
Emergency Procedures: Create guides for handling emergencies

Long-term Strategies

Architecture Simplification: Make systems easier to understand
Modular Design: Break complex systems into understandable modules
Training Programs: Invest in team education and skill development
Succession Planning: Plan for key role transitions

🏗️ Building Resilience

Team Level

Foster a culture of knowledge sharing
Encourage questions and learning
Reward teaching and mentoring
Make documentation part of the development process

Organizational Level

Invest in training and development
Provide time for knowledge transfer activities
Recognize and reward knowledge sharing
Plan for succession in critical roles

📈 Measuring Success

Metrics to Track:

Number of people who can handle critical tasks
Percentage of code with multiple reviewers
Documentation coverage of critical processes
Time to onboard new team members

Regular Assessment:

Quarterly bus factor reviews
Knowledge sharing session feedback
Team confidence surveys
Cross-training effectiveness measures

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Features","slug":"feature","url":"/en/que-es/feature","question":"What is a feature?","content":"A feature, or characteristic, is a portion of functionality that delivers v..."},{"title":"SIPOC","slug":"sipoc","url":"/en/que-es/sipoc","question":"What is SIPOC?","content":"SIPOC is an acronym that stands for Suppliers, Inputs, Process, Outputs, an..."},{"title":"Timeboxing","slug":"timebox","url":"/en/que-es/timebox","question":"What is timeboxing?","content":"A timebox is a time management concept that assigns a specific and predefin..."},{"title":"Sprint Zero","slug":"sprint-zero","url":"/en/que-es/sprint-zero","question":"What is a Sprint Zero?","content":"A Sprint Zero is a prelude to the formal sprint process in agile developmen..."},{"title":"Scope","slug":"scope","url":"/en/que-es/scope","question":"What is Scope?","content":"When we talk about scope, we refer to the set of tasks, work, and deliverab..."}]},{"title":"Business Agility","question":"What is Business Agility?","description":"It is the ability of an organization to adapt and respond to change.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["adaptation","business agility","digital transformation","innovation","leadership"],"published":true,"slug":"business-agility","content":"

📜 Definition

Business Agility, or Corporate Agility, refers to an organization's ability to adapt and respond to change in a rapid, continuous, and systematic manner, staying profitable and outperforming its competition.

🔄 Adaptation

It involves creating and delivering new value to customers, successfully meeting their evolving needs, and thereby gaining a competitive advantage.

📈 Importance

Business Agility is crucial in today's digital age, where rapid and radical changes in the business environment require organizations to be flexible and resilient.

🎯 Customer-Centric

Business Agility involves a deep consideration of customer needs and a commitment to delivering value to them (Customer Centricity).

📊 Data

Recognizing the importance of data and leveraging it as a strategic asset is a key element of Business Agility.

🌐 Market Observation

Constant monitoring of the market is necessary to adapt to changing conditions and customer demands.

🔄 Decision Processes

Implementing agile decision-making processes that continuously assess business opportunities and initiatives.

📈 Portfolio Adjustment

A key to Business Agility is quickly adapting the portfolio of business initiatives to meet organizational objectives.

🛠️ Organizational Structure

An important part of the approach is the need to adapt the organizational structure to be more flexible and responsive to change.

💼 Leadership Focus

Business Agility emphasizes leadership in the context of digital transformation and the importance of agility in modern business.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Design Thinking","slug":"design-thinking","url":"/en/que-es/design-thinking","question":"What is Design Thinking?","content":"Design Thinking is a process for solving problems that focuses on understan..."},{"title":"Discovery","slug":"discovery","url":"/en/que-es/discovery","question":"What is Discovery?","content":"Discovery is the process of determining what product or service to build, f..."},{"title":"Engineer Manager","slug":"engineer-manager","url":"/en/que-es/engineer-manager","question":"What is an Engineer Manager?","content":"An Engineer Manager is an experienced engineer who leads technical activiti..."},{"title":"Management 3.0","slug":"management-3-0","url":"/en/que-es/management-3-0","question":"What is Management 3.0?","content":"Management 3.0 is a leadership and management approach that focuses on the..."},{"title":"Servant Leadership","slug":"servant-leadership","url":"/en/que-es/servant-leadership","question":"What is a Servant Leader?","content":"Servant Leadership is a philosophy where the main goal of the leader is to..."}]},{"title":"Canary Release","question":"What is a Canary Release?","description":"It is a deployment strategy used to minimize risk.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["DevOps","deployment","release","risks"],"published":true,"slug":"canary-release","content":"

🐤 Definition

A Canary Release is a deployment strategy used in software development to reduce the risk of introducing a new version by initially rolling it out to a small subset of users.

📅 Origin

The name originates from miners who would carry a canary in a cage down coal mines. If toxic gases leaked into the mine, the canary would die before the miners..

🔍 Monitoring

The system is carefully monitored for issues, and if the new version performs well, it is gradually released to more users.

🔄 Rollback

If issues are detected, the release can be rolled back, and the old version reinstated for all users.

👥 Selection

Different strategies are used to select which users will be exposed to the new version, such as random sampling or selection based on demographics.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"CD","slug":"cd","url":"/en/que-es/cd","question":"What is CD?","content":"Continuous Deployment, or Continuous Delivery, is a software engineering ap..."},{"title":"Blue / Green","slug":"blue-green","url":"/en/que-es/blue-green","question":"What is Blue / Green deployment?","content":"It is a software deployment method that involves maintaining two identical..."},{"title":"CI","slug":"ci","url":"/en/que-es/ci","question":"What does CI mean?","content":"Continuous Integration (CI) is a software development practice where develo..."},{"title":"ALM","slug":"alm","url":"/en/que-es/alm","question":"What does ALM stand for?","content":"ALM, or Application Lifecycle Management, refers to the process of managing..."},{"title":"CI/CD","slug":"ci-cd","url":"/en/que-es/ci-cd","question":"What are Continuous Integration (CI) and Continuous Deployment (CD)?","content":"CI involves the frequent integration of code changes into a shared reposito..."}]},{"title":"Capex","question":"What does Capex mean?","description":"It stands for Capital Expenditure.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["accounting","business management","finance","investment"],"published":true,"slug":"capex","content":"

🏗️ Definition

Capex (Capital Expenditure) refers to the funds that a company invests in the acquisition, improvement, or maintenance of physical or technological assets over the long term, such as machinery, buildings, equipment, or software.

💼 Approach

These expenses are aimed at driving future growth, increasing productive capacity, or improving operational efficiency. Unlike operating expenses (Opex), Capex is capitalized on the balance sheet and depreciated/amortized over its useful life.

📋 Involvement

Typically, strategic teams such as Finance (budgeting and ROI analysis), Operations (technical or logistical needs), and Top management (approval of significant investments) are involved.

📈 Regular Practice

Capex is key in the strategic financial planning of companies, especially in asset-intensive sectors (manufacturing, telecommunications, energy). Proper management ensures long-term sustainability and competitiveness.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["es","fr","ko"],"related":[{"title":"Opex","slug":"opex","url":"/en/que-es/opex","question":"What does Opex mean?","content":"Opex (Operational Expenditure) refers to the daily operating expenses requi..."},{"title":"Blue / Green","slug":"blue-green","url":"/en/que-es/blue-green","question":"What is Blue / Green deployment?","content":"It is a software deployment method that involves maintaining two identical..."},{"title":"Antipattern","slug":"antipattern","url":"/en/que-es/antipattern","question":"What is an antipattern?","content":"An \"antipattern\" refers to a common problem or bad practice that hinders th..."},{"title":"Agent","slug":"agent","url":"/en/que-es/agent","question":"What is an AI Agent?","content":"An Agent is a software entity that can take actions autonomously on behalf..."},{"title":"Hallucination","slug":"hallucination","url":"/en/que-es/hallucination","question":"What is AI Hallucination?","content":"AI Hallucination occurs when artificial intelligence systems generate infor..."}]},{"title":"CD","question":"What is CD?","description":"Stands for continuous deployment.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["DevOps","alm","automation","ci","deploy","release"],"published":true,"slug":"cd","content":"

🔄 Definition

Continuous Deployment, or Continuous Delivery, is a software engineering approach where code changes are automatically released to the production environment through a series of automated tests.

🛠️ Process

New code changes go through a test and inspection pipeline, and if they are approved, are directly deployed to the production environment.

🚀 Benefits

Continuous deployment accelerates the delivery of software, reduces the time to market for new features, and allows for faster feedback cycles.

🐞 Correction

Frequent deployments facilitate the finding and fixing of bugs, as bugs are more recent and easier to trace.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"CI","slug":"ci","url":"/en/que-es/ci","question":"What does CI mean?","content":"Continuous Integration (CI) is a software development practice where develo..."},{"title":"Build","slug":"build","url":"/en/que-es/build","question":"What is a build?","content":"In software development, a build refers to both the process of converting s..."},{"title":"Release Candidate","slug":"release-candidate","url":"/en/que-es/release-candidate","question":"What is a Release Candidate (RC)?","content":"A Release Candidate (RC) is a version of software that has passed all plann..."},{"title":"Canary Release","slug":"canary-release","url":"/en/que-es/canary-release","question":"What is a Canary Release?","content":"A Canary Release is a deployment strategy used in software development to r..."},{"title":"Computer Use","slug":"computer-use","url":"/en/que-es/computer-use","question":"What is Computer Use in AI?","content":"Computer Use in AI refers to the capability of artificial intelligence syst..."}]},{"title":"CFD","question":"What is a CFD?","description":"Stands for Cumulative Flow Diagram.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["CFD","continuous improvement","kaizen","kanban","metric"],"published":true,"slug":"cfd","content":"

📜 Definition

A Cumulative Flow Diagram (CFD) is a visual tool used in Kanban to track the performance of a system or team, showing the flow of work items through different stages over time.

🔍 Purpose

It provides insights into the stability and efficiency of the workflow, highlighting areas for improvement and helping to identify bottlenecks.

📈 Elements

The diagram consists of bands that represent different stages of the workflow, with the width of each band indicating the number of work items in that stage at any given time.

🔄 CFD Analysis

Trends in the CFD can be analyzed to understand delivery time, cycle time, work in process (WIP), and to identify irregularities or performance issues.

📏 Axes

The horizontal axis represents time, showing the progression of work items through the workflow while the vertical axis measures the quantity of work items, typically representing the WIP at each stage.

🔄 Lead Time

The CFD can be used to analyze Lead Time, which is the time it takes for a work item to move from start to finish.

🔄 Cycle Time

It also helps to understand Cycle Time, which is the time it takes to complete a single iteration of a work item.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Lead Time","slug":"lead-time","url":"/en/que-es/lead-time","question":"What is Lead Time?","content":"Lead Time, or delivery time, is the total duration from the start to the co..."},{"title":"Throughput","slug":"throughput","url":"/en/que-es/throughput","question":"What is throughput?","content":"In the Kanban method, 'throughput' is used to describe the total number of..."},{"title":"Kaizen","slug":"kaizen","url":"/en/que-es/kaizen","question":"What is Kaizen?","content":"Kaizen is a Japanese term that translates as \"good change\" or \"improvement\"..."},{"title":"Waste","slug":"waste","url":"/en/que-es/waste","question":"What does waste mean?","content":"In Lean management, waste refers to any activity that consumes resources bu..."},{"title":"Cost of Delay","slug":"cost-of-delay","url":"/en/que-es/cost-of-delay","question":"What is Cost of Delay?","content":"The Cost of Delay (CoD) represents the economic impact of a delay in the de..."}]},{"title":"Chain of Thought (CoT)","question":"What is Chain of Thought?","description":"A prompting technique that guides AI models to break down complex reasoning into step-by-step thought processes.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["ai","prompting","reasoning"],"published":true,"slug":"chain-of-thought---cot","content":"

🤖 Definition

Chain of Thought (CoT) is a prompting technique that encourages AI models to show their reasoning process by breaking down complex problems into intermediate steps, making their decision-making process more transparent and often more accurate.

🎯 Purpose

CoT aims to improve AI reasoning accuracy on complex tasks by mimicking human problem-solving approaches where we think through problems step-by-step rather than jumping directly to conclusions.

⚙️ Function

CoT works by providing examples or instructions that demonstrate step-by-step reasoning, encouraging the AI to generate intermediate thoughts and logical connections before arriving at a final answer.

🌟 Example

Instead of asking \"What's 23 × 47?\", using CoT: \"Let's solve 23 × 47 step by step: First, I'll break it down: 23 × 40 = 920, then 23 × 7 = 161, so 920 + 161 = 1,081.\"

🔗 Related

Connected to Prompt Engineering, Reasoning Models, Few-Shot Learning, Problem Solving, and AI Interpretability research.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["es","fr","ja","ko","ru","th"],"related":[{"title":"Instruction-Following Model","slug":"instruction-following-model","url":"/en/que-es/instruction-following-model","question":"What is an Instruction-Following Model?","content":"An instruction-following model is an artificial intelligence system specifi..."},{"title":"AX (Agentic Experience)","slug":"ax---agentic-experience","url":"/en/que-es/ax---agentic-experience","question":"What is AX?","content":"AX (Agentic Experience) is an extension of UX for the AI Age, focusing on t..."},{"title":"Anthropomorphization","slug":"anthropomorphization","url":"/en/que-es/anthropomorphization","question":"What is Anthropomorphization in AI?","content":"Anthropomorphization in AI is the human tendency to attribute human charact..."},{"title":"Cluster (GPU Cluster)","slug":"cluster---gpu","url":"/en/que-es/cluster---gpu","question":"What is a GPU Cluster?","content":"A GPU Cluster is a collection of graphics processing units (GPUs) networked..."},{"title":"Agent","slug":"agent","url":"/en/que-es/agent","question":"What is an AI Agent?","content":"An Agent is a software entity that can take actions autonomously on behalf..."}]},{"title":"CI","question":"What does CI mean?","description":"Stands for Continuous Integration.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["ALM","CI","DevOps","automation","development","quality"],"published":true,"slug":"ci","content":"

📜 Definition

Continuous Integration (CI) is a software development practice where developers regularly merge their code changes into a central repository, followed by automated builds and tests. It's a core practice of the DevOps philosophy.

🔨 Automation

CI involves both a cultural component, promoting frequent integration, and an automation component. Code changes trigger automated build processes to create executable software.

🚀 Goals

The key goals of CI are to find and fix errors quickly, improve software quality, and reduce the time it takes to validate and release new software updates.

🔄 Confidence

Frequent integration generates confidence that the code base is always in a functional state.

🔬 Test Coverage

CI should include a comprehensive set of automated tests to cover different aspects of the software and ensure its QA level.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"DevOps","slug":"devops","url":"/en/que-es/devops","question":"What is DevOps?","content":"DevOps is a software development philosophy that focuses on communication,..."},{"title":"ALM","slug":"alm","url":"/en/que-es/alm","question":"What does ALM stand for?","content":"ALM, or Application Lifecycle Management, refers to the process of managing..."},{"title":"Blue / Green","slug":"blue-green","url":"/en/que-es/blue-green","question":"What is Blue / Green deployment?","content":"It is a software deployment method that involves maintaining two identical..."},{"title":"Pull Request (PR)","slug":"pull-request-pr","url":"/en/que-es/pull-request-pr","question":"What is a Pull Request (PR)?","content":"A Pull Request (PR) — also called a Merge Request (MR) in GitLab — is a for..."},{"title":"QA","slug":"qa---quality-assurance","url":"/en/que-es/qa---quality-assurance","question":"What does QA mean?","content":"Quality Assurance (QA) is the systematic process of ensuring that software..."}]},{"title":"CI/CD","question":"What are Continuous Integration (CI) and Continuous Deployment (CD)?","description":"They are key practices in software development and central pillars of the DevOps approach.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["CD","CI","DevOps"],"published":true,"slug":"ci-cd","content":"

🔄 Continuous Integration (CI)

CI involves the frequent integration of code changes into a shared repository and automating tests to ensure code reliability.

📦 Continuous Delivery (CD)

CD automates the process of testing and delivery of code changes, stopping just short of automatic deployment to production.

🔁 CI/CD Pipeline

A pipeline is a connected set of tests, processes, and checks that includes CI, CD, supported by the Agile mindset, DevOps approach, and SRE practices.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Blue / Green","slug":"blue-green","url":"/en/que-es/blue-green","question":"What is Blue / Green deployment?","content":"It is a software deployment method that involves maintaining two identical..."},{"title":"DevOps","slug":"devops","url":"/en/que-es/devops","question":"What is DevOps?","content":"DevOps is a software development philosophy that focuses on communication,..."},{"title":"CI","slug":"ci","url":"/en/que-es/ci","question":"What does CI mean?","content":"Continuous Integration (CI) is a software development practice where develo..."},{"title":"Feature Flags","slug":"feature-flag","url":"/en/que-es/feature-flag","question":"What is a Feature Flag?","content":"Feature Flags, also known as Feature Toggles, are a technique that allows d..."},{"title":"CD","slug":"cd","url":"/en/que-es/cd","question":"What is CD?","content":"Continuous Deployment, or Continuous Delivery, is a software engineering ap..."}]},{"title":"Cluster (GPU Cluster)","question":"What is a GPU Cluster?","description":"A collection of graphics processing units working together to train or run AI models at scale.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["ai","computing","infrastructure"],"published":true,"slug":"cluster---gpu","content":"

🤖 Definition

A GPU Cluster is a collection of graphics processing units (GPUs) networked together to work as a unified computing system, primarily used for training large AI models or running inference at scale.

🎯 Purpose

GPU clusters provide the massive parallel computing power needed for training large language models, processing big datasets, and serving AI applications to many users simultaneously.

⚙️ Function

GPU clusters work by distributing computational tasks across multiple GPUs, which can process many operations simultaneously due to their parallel architecture, dramatically speeding up AI training and inference compared to traditional CPUs.

🌟 Example

OpenAI's training infrastructure uses GPU clusters with thousands of connected GPUs to train models like GPT-4, enabling the processing of massive datasets and complex neural network architectures.

🔗 Related

Connected to High-Performance Computing, Distributed Computing, AI Infrastructure, Parallel Processing, and Cloud Computing platforms.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":[],"related":[{"title":"Evaluation Harness","slug":"evaluation-harness","url":"/en/que-es/evaluation-harness","question":"What is an Evaluation Harness?","content":"An evaluation harness is a standardized software framework designed to syst..."},{"title":"Serverless","slug":"serverless","url":"/en/que-es/serverless","question":"What is Serverless computing?","content":"Serverless, despite its name, does not mean there are no servers involved..."},{"title":"Evals","slug":"evals","url":"/en/que-es/evals","question":"What are Evals in AI?","content":"Evals (Evaluations) are systematic tests and assessment frameworks designed..."},{"title":"Generative UI","slug":"generative-ui","url":"/en/que-es/generative-ui","question":"What is Generative UI?","content":"Generative UI refers to user interfaces that are dynamically created, modif..."},{"title":"Few-Shot Learning","slug":"few-shot-learning","url":"/en/que-es/few-shot-learning","question":"What is Few-Shot Learning?","content":"Few-Shot Learning is a machine learning approach where AI models can learn..."}]},{"title":"CoE","question":"What is a CoE?","description":"Stands for Center of Excellence.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["Kaizen","agile","center of excellence"],"published":true,"slug":"coe","content":"

📜 Definition

A Center of Excellence (CoE) is a strategic unit within an organization that provides expertise and specialized skills to promote and ensure excellence in the practices of its discipline.

🎯 Purpose

The primary purpose of a CoE is to drive the adoption, optimization, and governance of best practices. CoEs play a crucial role in influencing organizational culture towards continuous improvement.

🤝 Collaboration

CoEs collaborate with teams to disseminate knowledge and best practices, with the aim of improving the quality and consistency of the organization.

👩‍🏫 Services

Among the services of a CoE are training, process creation, playbooks, and mentoring.

📝 Governance Frameworks

CoEs establish governance frameworks to ensure proper implementation and adherence to best practices.

📈 Metrics

Often, CoEs measure the correct performance of their discipline's practices within the organization and identify areas for improvement.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Narrative Flow","slug":"narrative-flow","url":"/en/que-es/narrative-flow","question":"What is Narrative Flow in agile?","content":"Narrative Flow is a facilitation technique used in agile environments where..."},{"title":"Kanban","slug":"kanban","url":"/en/que-es/kanban","question":"What is Kanban?","content":"Kanban is a lean method for managing and improving work flows in production..."},{"title":"Lean","slug":"lean","url":"/en/que-es/lean","question":"What is Lean?","content":"Lean is the application of manufacturing principles to the development and..."},{"title":"Mindset","slug":"mindset","url":"/en/que-es/mindset","question":"What does mindset mean?","content":"Mindset, or mentality, is a set of established attitudes, beliefs, and pers..."},{"title":"SAFe","slug":"safe---scaled-agile-framework","url":"/en/que-es/safe---scaled-agile-framework","question":"What does SAFe mean?","content":"Scaled Agile Framework (SAFe) is a set of organizational patterns for imple..."}]},{"title":"Commitment Point","question":"What is the Commitment Point?","description":"It is the stage in the workflow where a work item is ready to be incorporated into the system.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["commitment","efficiency","flow","kanban"],"published":true,"slug":"commitment-point","content":"

📜 Definition

A commitment point in Kanban is the stage in the workflow where a work item is ready to be incorporated into the system and flow through it, representing a commitment to work on and deliver the item.

🔄 Significance

It is a key concept for managing work in progress and ensuring that teams can release their committed work with greater predictability.

📊 Visual Representation

Commitment points are typically visualized as the dividing line between two columns on a Kanban board to provide clarity on the status of work items and help manage the workflow.

🛠️ Efficiency

By defining commitment points, teams can avoid overloading with too many items and maintain a balance between demand and capacity.

📝 Explicit Confirmation

Commitment points require explicit confirmation by the team that a work item is ready to be started and delivered.

🏉 Scrum

In Scrum, the equivalent of a Kanban commitment point is the creation of the Sprint Backlog.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Kanban","slug":"kanban","url":"/en/que-es/kanban","question":"What is Kanban?","content":"Kanban is a lean method for managing and improving work flows in production..."},{"title":"Few-Shot Learning","slug":"few-shot-learning","url":"/en/que-es/few-shot-learning","question":"What is Few-Shot Learning?","content":"Few-Shot Learning is a machine learning approach where AI models can learn..."},{"title":"CFD","slug":"cfd","url":"/en/que-es/cfd","question":"What is a CFD?","content":"A Cumulative Flow Diagram (CFD) is a visual tool used in Kanban to track th..."},{"title":"Alignment","slug":"alignment","url":"/en/que-es/alignment","question":"What is organizational alignment with objectives?","content":"Organizational alignment with objectives refers to the coordination of goal..."},{"title":"Agile Manifesto","slug":"agile-manifesto","url":"/en/que-es/agile-manifesto","question":"What is the Agile Manifesto?","content":"The Agile Manifesto is a document created on February 12, 2001, by 17 softw..."}]},{"title":"Computer Use","question":"What is Computer Use in AI?","description":"An AI capability that allows models to interact directly with computer interfaces like a human user would.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["ai","automation","interaction"],"published":true,"slug":"computer-use","content":"

🤖 Definition

Computer Use in AI refers to the capability of artificial intelligence systems to interact directly with computer interfaces, applications, and operating systems by controlling mouse movements, keyboard inputs, and visual interpretation like a human user would.

🎯 Purpose

Computer Use enables AI to automate complex workflows across any software application without requiring specific APIs or integrations, making it possible to automate tasks in legacy systems or applications that weren't designed for programmatic access.

⚙️ Function

Computer Use works by combining computer vision to \"see\" what's on screen, natural language understanding to interpret tasks, and action planning to execute sequences of clicks, typing, and navigation to accomplish goals.

🌟 Example

An AI agent that can open a web browser, navigate to a project management tool, create tasks based on email requests, update spreadsheets, and send summary reports - all by interacting with the user interface just like a human would.

🔗 Related

Connected to Robotic Process Automation (RPA), AI Agents, Computer Vision, GUI Automation, and Multimodal AI systems.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["cs","da","es","fi","ja","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","ru","sv","th"],"related":[{"title":"Agent","slug":"agent","url":"/en/que-es/agent","question":"What is an AI Agent?","content":"An Agent is a software entity that can take actions autonomously on behalf..."},{"title":"Instruction-Following Model","slug":"instruction-following-model","url":"/en/que-es/instruction-following-model","question":"What is an Instruction-Following Model?","content":"An instruction-following model is an artificial intelligence system specifi..."},{"title":"Context (AI)","slug":"context---ai","url":"/en/que-es/context---ai","question":"What is Context in AI?","content":"Context in AI refers to the surrounding information, situational awareness,..."},{"title":"Context Window","slug":"context-window","url":"/en/que-es/context-window","question":"What is a Context Window?","content":"A Context Window is the maximum amount of text, tokens, or information that..."},{"title":"Benchmark (AI)","slug":"benchmark---ai","url":"/en/que-es/benchmark---ai","question":"What is an AI Benchmark?","content":"An AI Benchmark is a standardized test, dataset, or evaluation methodology..."}]},{"title":"Context (AI)","question":"What is Context in AI?","description":"The surrounding information and situational awareness that AI systems use to understand and respond appropriately.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["ai","interaction","understanding"],"published":true,"slug":"context---ai","content":"

🤖 Definition

Context in AI refers to the surrounding information, situational awareness, and background knowledge that artificial intelligence systems use to understand queries, make appropriate decisions, and provide relevant responses.

🎯 Purpose

Context enables AI systems to provide more accurate, relevant, and helpful responses by understanding not just what is being asked, but the circumstances, history, and environment in which the query is made.

⚙️ Function

AI context works by maintaining awareness of previous conversation history, user preferences, current situation, and relevant background information to inform responses and decision-making processes.

🌟 Example

When you ask an AI assistant \"What should I wear today?\", context includes your location (for weather), your calendar (for events), your style preferences, and the current season to provide appropriate clothing suggestions.

🔗 Related

Connected to Context Window, Natural Language Understanding, Conversation Memory, Situational Awareness, and Contextual Computing.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":[],"related":[{"title":"Instruction-Following Model","slug":"instruction-following-model","url":"/en/que-es/instruction-following-model","question":"What is an Instruction-Following Model?","content":"An instruction-following model is an artificial intelligence system specifi..."},{"title":"Computer Use","slug":"computer-use","url":"/en/que-es/computer-use","question":"What is Computer Use in AI?","content":"Computer Use in AI refers to the capability of artificial intelligence syst..."},{"title":"GPT","slug":"gpt","url":"/en/que-es/gpt","question":"What is GPT?","content":"GPT (Generative Pre-trained Transformer) is a type of large language model..."},{"title":"Alignment (AI)","slug":"alignment---ai","url":"/en/que-es/alignment---ai","question":"What is AI Alignment?","content":"AI Alignment is the challenge of ensuring that AI systems pursue goals and..."},{"title":"Copilot (AI)","slug":"copilot---ai","url":"/en/que-es/copilot---ai","question":"What is an AI Copilot?","content":"An AI Copilot is an artificial intelligence assistant designed to work alon..."}]},{"title":"Context Window","question":"What is a Context Window?","description":"The amount of text or information an AI model can consider at one time when generating responses.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["ai","limitations","technical"],"published":true,"slug":"context-window","content":"

🤖 Definition

A Context Window is the maximum amount of text, tokens, or information that an AI model can process and consider simultaneously when understanding input and generating responses. It represents the model's \"working memory\" capacity.

🎯 Purpose

Context windows define how much conversational history, document content, or background information an AI can maintain awareness of, directly impacting the quality and relevance of responses in longer interactions.

⚙️ Function

Context windows work as a sliding buffer - when new information exceeds the window size, older information is \"forgotten\" to make room. Larger context windows enable more coherent long-form conversations and document processing.

🌟 Example

A model with a 4,000-token context window can process about 3,000 words at once. In a long conversation, it will only remember the most recent exchanges that fit within this limit, potentially forgetting earlier context.

🔗 Related

Connected to Tokens, Model Architecture, Memory Systems, Long-context Models, and Computational Efficiency in AI.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["cs","da","de","es","fi","fr","it","ja","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th"],"related":[{"title":"Credits/Tokens (AI)","slug":"credits---tokens","url":"/en/que-es/credits---tokens","question":"What are AI Credits and Tokens?","content":"Credits and Tokens in AI are units of measurement used to quantify and bill..."},{"title":"Inference","slug":"inference","url":"/en/que-es/inference","question":"What is AI Inference?","content":"AI Inference is the process of using a trained machine learning model to ma..."},{"title":"Embeddings","slug":"embeddings","url":"/en/que-es/embeddings","question":"What are Embeddings in AI?","content":"Embeddings are dense numerical vector representations that capture the sema..."},{"title":"Deterministic (AI)","slug":"deterministic","url":"/en/que-es/deterministic","question":"What does Deterministic mean in AI?","content":"Deterministic in AI refers to systems that produce exactly the same output..."},{"title":"Anthropomorphization","slug":"anthropomorphization","url":"/en/que-es/anthropomorphization","question":"What is Anthropomorphization in AI?","content":"Anthropomorphization in AI is the human tendency to attribute human charact..."}]},{"title":"Community of Practice - CoP","question":"What is a Community of Practice?","description":"It is a group of people who share a concern, a set of problems, or a passion about a topic.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["CoP","knowledge","learning"],"published":true,"slug":"cop-comunidad-de-practicas","content":"

📜 Definition

A CoP (Community of Practice) is a group of people who share a concern, a set of problems, or a passion about a topic, and who deepen their knowledge and expertise in this area by interacting on an ongoing basis.

🔍 Purpose

CoPs are formed to facilitate learning, problem-solving, and the exchange of best practices within a professional or organizational context.

👥 Members

CoPs typically consist of members who are practitioners in a specific field and collaborate to develop a shared repertoire of resources, experiences, and tools.

📚 Origin

The concept of CoPs was first proposed by cognitive anthropologist Jean Lave and educational theorist Etienne Wenger in the 1990s.

👩‍🏫 Natural Formation

CoPs often emerge organically within organizations as practitioners with similar interests and challenges come together to collaborate.

📅 Evolution

Over time, CoPs develop their own identity, practices, and ways of working, often becoming an integral part of an organization's knowledge management.

🔧 Facilitation

Some organizations actively support the formation of CoPs by providing resources, leadership, and a platform for communication and collaboration.

📈 Practice

CoPs focus on the development and sharing of best practices and practical knowledge within their domain.

📚 Knowledge Management

CoPs are effective in capturing and disseminating tacit knowledge within an organization.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","da","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Few-Shot Learning","slug":"few-shot-learning","url":"/en/que-es/few-shot-learning","question":"What is Few-Shot Learning?","content":"Few-Shot Learning is a machine learning approach where AI models can learn..."},{"title":"Feedback Loop","slug":"feedback-loop","url":"/en/que-es/feedback-loop","question":"What is a Feedback Loop in AI?","content":"A Feedback Loop in AI is a cyclic process where the system's outputs, user..."},{"title":"GitHub","slug":"github","url":"/en/que-es/github","question":"What is GitHub?","content":"GitHub is a platform for developers to host and manage their code, offering..."},{"title":"Scrumban","slug":"scrumban","url":"/en/que-es/scrumban","question":"What is Scrumban?","content":"Scrumban is a framework that combines the principles of Scrum and Kanban, o..."},{"title":"Vibe Coding","slug":"vibe-coding","url":"/en/que-es/vibe-coding","question":"What is Vibe Coding?","content":"Vibe Coding is a programming approach coined by Andrej Karpathy in 2025, wh..."}]},{"title":"Copilot (AI)","question":"What is an AI Copilot?","description":"An AI assistant that works alongside humans to enhance productivity and provide intelligent suggestions in real-time.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["ai","assistance","productivity"],"published":true,"slug":"copilot---ai","content":"

🤖 Definition

An AI Copilot is an artificial intelligence assistant designed to work alongside humans as a collaborative partner, providing real-time suggestions, automating routine tasks, and enhancing productivity within specific workflows or applications.

🎯 Purpose

AI Copilots aim to augment human capabilities rather than replace them, offering intelligent assistance that adapts to user behavior and context to improve efficiency and decision-making.

⚙️ Function

AI Copilots work by integrating into existing tools and workflows, analyzing user actions and context to provide relevant suggestions, automate repetitive tasks, and offer intelligent recommendations at the right moment.

🌟 Example

GitHub Copilot assists developers by suggesting code completions and entire functions based on comments and existing code, while Microsoft 365 Copilot helps with writing emails, creating presentations, and analyzing data.

🔗 Related

Connected to AI Assistants, Productivity Tools, Human-AI Collaboration, Contextual Computing, and Augmented Intelligence.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":[],"related":[{"title":"Automation (AI)","slug":"automation---ai","url":"/en/que-es/automation---ai","question":"What is AI-powered Automation?","content":"AI-powered Automation is the use of artificial intelligence to automaticall..."},{"title":"Credits/Tokens (AI)","slug":"credits---tokens","url":"/en/que-es/credits---tokens","question":"What are AI Credits and Tokens?","content":"Credits and Tokens in AI are units of measurement used to quantify and bill..."},{"title":"RAG (Retrieval-Augmented Generation)","slug":"rag","url":"/en/que-es/rag","question":"What is RAG?","content":"RAG, or Retrieval-Augmented Generation, is a technique that enhances the ou..."},{"title":"Context (AI)","slug":"context---ai","url":"/en/que-es/context---ai","question":"What is Context in AI?","content":"Context in AI refers to the surrounding information, situational awareness,..."},{"title":"Cluster (GPU Cluster)","slug":"cluster---gpu","url":"/en/que-es/cluster---gpu","question":"What is a GPU Cluster?","content":"A GPU Cluster is a collection of graphics processing units (GPUs) networked..."}]},{"title":"Cost of Delay","question":"What is Cost of Delay?","description":"Represents the economic impact of a delayed delivery over time.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["SLA","kanban","lean","metric","prioritization"],"published":true,"slug":"cost-of-delay","content":"

📜 Definition

The Cost of Delay (CoD) represents the economic impact of a delay in the delivery of a product or service.

📊 Significance

It is a key metric in lean management and the kanban method for prioritizing work, reducing waste, and understanding the impact of delays.

🎯 Purpose

To raise awareness of the financial impact of delays.

🔢 Calculation

Involves estimating the weekly revenue that the delivery would generate and dividing it by the project's duration.

➗ Technique

CD3 is a technique that helps prioritize a backlog. It is calculated by dividing the Cost of Delay by the project duration to obtain the order of magnitude for ordering each PBI (Product Backlog Item).

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Lead Time","slug":"lead-time","url":"/en/que-es/lead-time","question":"What is Lead Time?","content":"Lead Time, or delivery time, is the total duration from the start to the co..."},{"title":"Pull System","slug":"pull","url":"/en/que-es/pull","question":"What is the Pull system?","content":"In Kanban, a Pull system is one where work is only initiated when there is..."},{"title":"Throughput","slug":"throughput","url":"/en/que-es/throughput","question":"What is throughput?","content":"In the Kanban method, 'throughput' is used to describe the total number of..."},{"title":"Muda","slug":"muda","url":"/en/que-es/muda","question":"What is Muda?","content":"Muda is a Japanese term that translates as waste and refers to any activity..."},{"title":"Kanban","slug":"kanban","url":"/en/que-es/kanban","question":"What is Kanban?","content":"Kanban is a lean method for managing and improving work flows in production..."}]},{"title":"Credits/Tokens (AI)","question":"What are AI Credits and Tokens?","description":"Units of measurement and payment for AI API usage, representing computational resources consumed by AI operations.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["ai","pricing","technical"],"published":true,"slug":"credits---tokens","content":"

🤖 Definition

Credits and Tokens in AI are units of measurement used to quantify and bill for API usage, representing the computational resources consumed when processing text, generating responses, or running AI models.

🎯 Purpose

Credits and tokens provide a standardized way to measure AI usage costs, allowing users to understand and predict expenses while enabling providers to fairly charge for computational resources.

⚙️ Function

Tokens typically represent pieces of text (words, subwords, or characters) that the AI processes, while credits may represent broader computational units. Both are consumed during AI operations and deducted from user accounts.

🌟 Example

OpenAI charges per token - roughly 4 characters per token. A 1000-word article might consume ~1,300 tokens for input processing and additional tokens for response generation, with costs varying by model complexity.

🔗 Related

Connected to API Pricing, Usage Metrics, Computational Resources, Token Economics, and AI Service Models.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":[],"related":[{"title":"Context Window","slug":"context-window","url":"/en/que-es/context-window","question":"What is a Context Window?","content":"A Context Window is the maximum amount of text, tokens, or information that..."},{"title":"Deterministic (AI)","slug":"deterministic","url":"/en/que-es/deterministic","question":"What does Deterministic mean in AI?","content":"Deterministic in AI refers to systems that produce exactly the same output..."},{"title":"Embeddings","slug":"embeddings","url":"/en/que-es/embeddings","question":"What are Embeddings in AI?","content":"Embeddings are dense numerical vector representations that capture the sema..."},{"title":"Inference","slug":"inference","url":"/en/que-es/inference","question":"What is AI Inference?","content":"AI Inference is the process of using a trained machine learning model to ma..."},{"title":"AX (Agentic Experience)","slug":"ax---agentic-experience","url":"/en/que-es/ax---agentic-experience","question":"What is AX?","content":"AX (Agentic Experience) is an extension of UX for the AI Age, focusing on t..."}]},{"title":"Crystal Method","question":"What is Crystal Method?","description":"It is a framework that prioritizes people and their interactions over processes and tools.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["agile","framework"],"published":true,"slug":"crystal-method","content":"

🔍 Definition

Crystal Method is a project management framework that prioritizes people and their interactions over processes and tools.

👨‍💻 Creator

Alistair Cockburn developed the Crystal method for IBM in 1991, in response to the need for a more flexible and adaptable project management approach.

🌐 Approach

Crystal is part of the Agile mindset, emphasizing adaptability and team collaboration.

📊 Color Coding

Crystal is divided into several color-coded groups based on team size, with each group having its own set of guidelines.

📜 Traits

The Crystal method is human-driven, adaptable, and ultra-lightweight, requiring minimal documentation and emphasizing flexibility.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Scrum Master","slug":"scrum-master","url":"/en/que-es/scrum-master","question":"What is a Scrum Master?","content":"The Scrum Master is one of the three key roles in the Scrum framework, resp..."},{"title":"Shape Up","slug":"shape-up","url":"/en/que-es/shape-up","question":"What is the Shape Up framework?","content":"Shape Up is a product development framework created by Ryan Singer at Basec..."},{"title":"DoD - Definition of Done","slug":"dod-definition-of-done","url":"/en/que-es/dod-definition-of-done","question":"What is the Definition of Done?","content":"The Definition of Done, DoD, is a set of criteria that determines when a us..."},{"title":"Disciplined Agile Delivery - DAD","slug":"dad---disciplined-agile-delivery","url":"/en/que-es/dad---disciplined-agile-delivery","question":"What is Disciplined Agile Delivery?","content":"Disciplined Agile Delivery (DAD) is a toolkit that provides a flexible appr..."},{"title":"Dual Track","slug":"dual-track","url":"/en/que-es/dual-track","question":"What is Dual Track?","content":"A project management approach that combines the iterative and flexible natu..."}]},{"title":"Customer Centricity","question":"What does Customer Centricity mean?","description":"It is placing the customer at the center.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["culture","strategy","ux"],"published":true,"slug":"customer-centricity","content":"

📜 Definition

Customer Centricity is a business strategy that prioritizes placing the customer at the center of all operations, with the goal of providing a positive experience and building long-term relationships.

📈 Importance

It is crucial for businesses as it can increase customer loyalty, improve retention rates, and ultimately achieve greater profitability.

📊 Use of Data

A key part of this approach is using customer usability and engagement data to understand their behaviors and preferences.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","no","pl","pt","ru","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"UAT","slug":"uat","url":"/en/que-es/uat","question":"What does UAT stand for?","content":"Acceptance testing is a quality assurance process that evaluates whether a..."},{"title":"Framing","slug":"framing","url":"/en/que-es/framing","question":"What is Framing?","content":"Framing is a communication technique that involves presenting information w..."},{"title":"Anthropomorphization","slug":"anthropomorphization","url":"/en/que-es/anthropomorphization","question":"What is Anthropomorphization in AI?","content":"Anthropomorphization in AI is the human tendency to attribute human charact..."},{"title":"Impact Map","slug":"impact-mapping","url":"/en/que-es/impact-mapping","question":"What is Impact Mapping?","content":"Impact Mapping is a visual technique used to help teams focus on the goals..."},{"title":"A/B Testing","slug":"test-a-b","url":"/en/que-es/test-a-b","question":"What are A/B Tests?","content":"A/B tests, also known as A/B split tests, are a method for comparing two ve..."}]},{"title":"Cycle Time","question":"What is Cycle Time?","description":"It is the duration it takes for an item to be completed in a given process.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["cycle time","delivery rate","kanban","lead time","metrics","throughput"],"published":true,"slug":"cycle-time","content":"

📜 Definition

Cycle time refers to the time it takes for an item to go through the production or development process from start to finish. That is, from when active work begins on the item until it is ready to be delivered.

🆚 Difference with Lead Time

The main difference between Cycle Time and Lead Time lies in the scope of measurement.

📅 Measurement

Cycle time is measured by recording the start and finish dates and times of each item as it progresses through the board.

🔢 Calculation

The Cycle Time formula is (Completion Date - Start Date) + 1, to account for items finished on the same day they started.

🎯 Improvement

Strategies to improve Cycle Time include limiting work in progress and addressing bottlenecks.

📈 Average Cycle Time

Teams can use historical data to calculate the average cycle time of their process, aiding in future predictions.

📈 Performance Analysis

Regularly analyzing Cycle Time data can help identify improvement areas and validate the effectiveness of changes.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Downstream","slug":"downstream","url":"/en/que-es/downstream","question":"What is downstream?","content":"Refers to the activities from the receipt of a request to the completion of..."},{"title":"SLA","slug":"sla","url":"/en/que-es/sla","question":"What does SLA mean?","content":"Service Level Agreement, or SLA, is a contract between a service provider a..."},{"title":"Agile Manifesto","slug":"agile-manifesto","url":"/en/que-es/agile-manifesto","question":"What is the Agile Manifesto?","content":"The Agile Manifesto is a document created on February 12, 2001, by 17 softw..."},{"title":"Blockages","slug":"blockages","url":"/en/que-es/blockages","question":"What is a blockage?","content":"In frameworks like Scrum and Kanban, a 'blockage' refers to any obstacle th..."},{"title":"Expedite","slug":"expedite","url":"/en/que-es/expedite","question":"What does expedite mean?","content":"In Kanban, expedite refers to work items that require immediate attention d..."}]},{"title":"Disciplined Agile Delivery - DAD","question":"What is Disciplined Agile Delivery?","description":"It is a flexible approach to applying Agile.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["PMI","agile","disciplined agile delivery","scaling"],"published":true,"slug":"dad---disciplined-agile-delivery","content":"

📜 Definition

Disciplined Agile Delivery (DAD) is a toolkit that provides a flexible approach to applying agile within organizations.

📅 Origin

Scott Ambler and Mark Lines are the co-creators of Disciplined Agile Delivery.

🔄 Evolution

Originally known as DAD, it has evolved into Disciplined Agile (DA) and is now considered a toolkit rather than a framework.

🔧 Flexibility

It is designed to be agnostic and pragmatic, allowing organizations to choose the best tools and approaches based on their specific context.

📚 Integration

Integrates various frameworks like Scrum, Kanban, XP, DevOps, and SAFe, while providing guidance on how to adapt and effectively use these practices.

📈 Acquisition by PMI

The Project Management Institute (PMI) acquired Disciplined Agile in 2019, aiming to enhance and promote its use.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Scrum@Scale","slug":"scrumscale","url":"/en/que-es/scrumscale","question":"What is Scrum@Scale?","content":"One of the biggest challenges for organizations using Scrum is expanding th..."},{"title":"SAFe","slug":"safe---scaled-agile-framework","url":"/en/que-es/safe---scaled-agile-framework","question":"What does SAFe mean?","content":"Scaled Agile Framework (SAFe) is a set of organizational patterns for imple..."},{"title":"Scrum of Scrums (SoS)","slug":"scrum-of-scrums","url":"/en/que-es/scrum-of-scrums","question":"What is Scrum of Scrums?","content":"Scrum of Scrums (SoS) is a scaling technique for coordinating work among mu..."},{"title":"T-Shaped Skills","slug":"t-shaped","url":"/en/que-es/t-shaped","question":"What are T-Shaped Skills?","content":"T-Shaped Skills (or T-Shaped Professionals) refer to a competency model whe..."},{"title":"Scrum","slug":"scrum","url":"/en/que-es/scrum","question":"What is Scrum?","content":"Scrum is an Agile framework designed to develop adaptive solutions to compl..."}]},{"title":"DDD","question":"What is DDD?","description":"It stands for Domain-Driven Design.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["BDD","DDD","TDD"],"published":true,"slug":"ddd---domain-driven-design","content":"

📜 Definition

Domain-Driven Design (DDD) is a software development approach focused on creating high-quality software that meets business needs.

🎯 Primary Focus

DDD emphasizes placing the main focus of a project on the core logic and concepts of the business domain.

🤝 Collaboration

DDD promotes creative collaboration between technical and domain experts to ensure the model accurately reflects the business.

📚 Reference Material

The model serves as a reference for both business and technical teams, using a common 'Ubiquitous Language' to describe concepts.

🗂️ Model Artifacts

The model consists of various artifacts such as diagrams, documents, and prototypes that represent the business domain.

🔄 Synchronization

The model and the software design must be kept synchronized, with any changes in the design validated against the model.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"FDD","slug":"fdd---feature-driven-development","url":"/en/que-es/fdd---feature-driven-development","question":"What is FDD?","content":"Feature Driven Development, or Development Guided by Features, is an agile..."},{"title":"TDD","slug":"tdd---test-driven-development","url":"/en/que-es/tdd---test-driven-development","question":"What is Test Driven Development (TDD)?","content":"Test-Driven Development (TDD) is a programming approach that emphasizes wri..."},{"title":"Three Amigos","slug":"three-amigos","url":"/en/que-es/three-amigos","question":"What does Three Amigos mean?","content":"\"Three Amigos\" is a collaborative practice in agile software development wh..."},{"title":"Ground Truth","slug":"ground-truth","url":"/en/que-es/ground-truth","question":"What is Ground Truth in AI?","content":"Ground Truth in AI refers to the accurate, verified, or objectively correct..."},{"title":"Computer Use","slug":"computer-use","url":"/en/que-es/computer-use","question":"What is Computer Use in AI?","content":"Computer Use in AI refers to the capability of artificial intelligence syst..."}]},{"title":"Deceased User Policy","question":"What is a Deceased User Policy?","description":"The set of procedures and policies that digital platforms follow to handle accounts and data of deceased users.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["Data Management","Digital Ethics","Digital Legacy","Platform Policies"],"published":true,"slug":"deceased-user-policy","content":"

⚰️ Definition

A Deceased User Policy is the set of procedures and policies that digital platforms follow to handle accounts and data of deceased users. These policies address what happens to digital accounts, data, and content when a user passes away.

🏛️ Platform Examples

Facebook/Meta

Memorialized Accounts: Transform the account into a memorial
Legacy Contact: Pre-designate someone to manage the account after death
Account Deletion: Option to permanently delete the account
Special Considerations: Profile shows \"Remembering\" before name

Google

Inactive Account Manager: Define what happens to data after periods of inactivity
Digital Legacy: Transfer data to family members
Account Deletion: Automatic deletion after specified time
Data Download: Family can download user's data

GitHub

Repository Transfer: Transfer project ownership to collaborators
Account Archival: Preserve contributions while removing personal information
Organization Transfer: Move repositories to organizations
Memorial Contributions: Keep code contributions visible

Apple

Digital Legacy Contact: Designate someone to access account
Account Access: Limited access to specific data types
iCloud Data: Access to photos, documents, and other stored data
Privacy Protection: Maintains privacy standards even after death

📋 Key Policy Elements

1. Death Verification

Documentation Requirements:

Death certificate (official government document)
Obituary from recognized news source
Court documents establishing death
Medical examiner reports

Verification Process:

Document authentication
Identity verification of requestor
Relationship verification to deceased
Fraud prevention measures

2. Authorized Requestors

Who Can Request:

Immediate Family: Spouses, children, parents, siblings
Legal Representatives: Executors, administrators, attorneys
Pre-designated Contacts: People chosen by the user before death
Court-appointed Representatives: Guardians or trustees

Required Documentation:

Proof of identity (government ID)
Proof of relationship to deceased
Legal authority documents (will, court order, etc.)
Power of attorney or executor documents

3. Account Options

Complete Deletion:

Permanently remove all data
Cannot be reversed
Removes all traces of the account
May affect shared content or collaborations

Memorialization:

Convert account to memorial status
Preserve content and memories
Restrict new posts or interactions
Allow friends/family to share memories

Data Transfer:

Pass data to designated inheritors
Download accessible content
Transfer specific file types
Maintain privacy restrictions

Archival:

Preserve contributions while removing personal data
Keep public contributions visible
Remove private information
Maintain project continuity

⚖️ Legal Challenges

Privacy Laws

GDPR Compliance:

Right to erasure vs. family access
Data minimization principles
Consent for data processing
Cross-border data transfer restrictions

Regional Variations:

United States: State-by-state inheritance laws
European Union: GDPR and national privacy laws
Asia-Pacific: Varying digital inheritance frameworks
Latin America: Emerging digital rights legislation

Legal Conflicts

Common Issues:

Privacy rights vs. inheritance rights
Family disputes over digital assets
Corporate policies vs. local laws
International jurisdiction challenges

Resolution Approaches:

Legal precedent establishment
Industry standard development
Government policy guidance
Court decision frameworks

🔐 Security Considerations

Fraud Prevention

Multi-layer Verification:

Document authentication
Identity verification
Waiting periods before action
Legal document review

Security Measures:

Encrypted data protection
Secure transfer protocols
Access logging and monitoring
Fraud detection systems

Data Protection

Privacy Preservation:

Limited access to sensitive data
Encryption maintenance
Third-party data protection
Consent-based access

Secure Processes:

Verified communication channels
Secure document submission
Protected data transfer
Audit trail maintenance

📊 Best Practices

For Platforms

Policy Development:

Clear Documentation: Write comprehensive, understandable policies
Legal Compliance: Ensure compliance with relevant laws
User Communication: Inform users about available options
Security Focus: Implement robust verification processes

Implementation:

Train support staff on sensitive handling
Develop secure technical processes
Create clear workflow procedures
Establish appeal processes

For Users

Proactive Planning:

Digital Estate Planning: Include digital assets in estate plans
Legacy Contacts: Designate trusted contacts on platforms
Password Management: Maintain secure password records
Documentation: Keep records of important accounts

Regular Maintenance:

Review and update legacy contacts
Update estate planning documents
Communicate wishes to family
Document valuable digital assets

🌐 Community Impact

Open Source Projects

Project Continuity:

Transfer critical projects to active maintainers
Ensure bus factor considerations
Maintain project momentum
Preserve development history

Community Response:

Memorial contributions to projects
Successor developer identification
Code archival and preservation
Community tribute processes

Digital Memory

Cultural Preservation:

Maintain digital cultural artifacts
Preserve family memories and photos
Keep social connections and history
Archive important communications

Social Impact:

Grief processing in digital spaces
Online memorial creation
Community support systems
Digital legacy awareness

🔮 Future Trends

Emerging Technologies

Blockchain and NFTs:

Decentralized identity management
Smart contract inheritance
Cryptocurrency estate planning
NFT ownership transfer

AI and Automation:

Automated detection of inactive accounts
AI-assisted verification processes
Predictive account management
Chatbot memorial interactions

Policy Evolution

Industry Standards:

Cross-platform policy harmonization
International cooperation agreements
Standardized verification processes
Universal digital inheritance frameworks

Legal Development:

Digital inheritance legislation
Privacy law adaptations
International treaty development
Court precedent establishment

📈 Implementation Considerations

Platform Size and Resources

Large Platforms:

Dedicated teams for deceased user requests
Automated systems for verification
Legal department involvement
Comprehensive policy documentation

Smaller Platforms:

Outsourced verification services
Basic policy frameworks
Community-based approaches
Limited resource allocation

Cultural Sensitivity

Global Considerations:

Cultural death and mourning practices
Religious considerations
Language accessibility
Regional legal compliance

Communication Approaches:

Sensitive language use
Cultural awareness training
Multi-language support
Respectful process design

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","es"],"related":[{"title":"AWS","slug":"aws","url":"/en/que-es/aws","question":"What is AWS?","content":"AWS is a cloud services platform that offers a wide range of services, incl..."},{"title":"FOMO","slug":"fomo","url":"/en/que-es/fomo","question":"What is FOMO?","content":"'FOMO' stands for 'Fear of Missing Out' and is a psychological condition ch..."},{"title":"DDD","slug":"ddd---domain-driven-design","url":"/en/que-es/ddd---domain-driven-design","question":"What is DDD?","content":"Domain-Driven Design (DDD) is a software development approach focused on cr..."},{"title":"Kanban Board","slug":"kanban-board","url":"/en/que-es/kanban-board","question":"What is a Kanban Board?","content":"A Kanban Board, or Kanban board, is a tool that visually represents work at..."},{"title":"MMF","slug":"mmf---minimum-marketable-feature","url":"/en/que-es/mmf---minimum-marketable-feature","question":"What does MMF mean?","content":"Minimum Marketable Feature, or Característica Mínima Comercializable, is th..."}]},{"title":"Delivery","question":"What is Delivery?","description":"It is the delivery of software.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["alm","development"],"published":true,"slug":"delivery","content":"

🔄 Definition

Delivery refers to the delivery of software by a team.

🎯 Focus on Value

For the Agile mindset, the frequent and early delivery of valuable software is crucial to obtain immediate feedback that allows taking advantage of adaptation as a competitive edge.

📈 Metrics

Some of the metrics used to measure a team's delivery capability are: Lead Time, Cycle Time, and Throughput.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Release Candidate","slug":"release-candidate","url":"/en/que-es/release-candidate","question":"What is a Release Candidate (RC)?","content":"A Release Candidate (RC) is a version of software that has passed all plann..."},{"title":"Git","slug":"git","url":"/en/que-es/git","question":"What is Git?","content":"Git is a distributed version control system that allows for efficient track..."},{"title":"Beta","slug":"beta","url":"/en/que-es/beta","question":"What is a beta version?","content":"A beta version, also known as a preview, is a pre-release version of softwa..."},{"title":"CD","slug":"cd","url":"/en/que-es/cd","question":"What is CD?","content":"Continuous Deployment, or Continuous Delivery, is a software engineering ap..."},{"title":"DRY","slug":"dry---dont-repeat-yourself","url":"/en/que-es/dry---dont-repeat-yourself","question":"What does DRY mean?","content":"DRY stands for 'Don't Repeat Yourself' and is a software development princi..."}]},{"title":"Design Sprint","question":"What is Design Sprint?","description":"It is a process that allows the creation and testing of a prototype in just five days.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["Agile","MVP","Product","Prototype","design sprint","innovation","validation"],"published":true,"slug":"design-sprint","content":"

🚀 Definition

Design Sprint is an agile product development process that allows the creation and testing of a prototype in just five days.

🔍 Origin

Design Sprint was developed by Jake Knapp and his colleagues at Google Ventures. Its origin dates back to an effort to accelerate the design and validation of ideas within startups and product development teams.

🗓️ Schedule

The process is typically divided into five key stages, each corresponding to a day of the workweek.

👩‍💻 Team

A small cross-functional team is required to work on the project, with roles such as the facilitator and decision maker being crucial.

📅 Monday — Understanding and Planning

Define the product goal and set realistic objectives.

🖊️ Tuesday — Sketching

Generate a variety of solutions and ideas through individual and group sketching sessions.

🔍 Wednesday — Decision Making

Evaluate and select the best ideas to follow, creating a storyboard for the chosen solution.

🛠️ Thursday — Prototyping

Build a high-quality prototype that can be tested with users.

🧪 Friday — Testing

Present the prototype in front of real users to collect feedback and validate the concept.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Business Agility","slug":"business-agility","url":"/en/que-es/business-agility","question":"What is Business Agility?","content":"Business Agility, or Corporate Agility, refers to an organization's ability..."},{"title":"MVP","slug":"mvp---minimum-viable-product","url":"/en/que-es/mvp---minimum-viable-product","question":"What does MVP mean?","content":"A Minimum Viable Product (MVP) is a version of a product with the minimum n..."},{"title":"Sprint","slug":"sprint","url":"/en/que-es/sprint","question":"What is a Sprint?","content":"A sprint is a short, fixed period during which a Scrum Team works to comple..."},{"title":"Open Space","slug":"open-space","url":"/en/que-es/open-space","question":"What is an Open Space?","content":"An Open Space is a participant-driven event format that allows for self-org..."},{"title":"MMF","slug":"mmf---minimum-marketable-feature","url":"/en/que-es/mmf---minimum-marketable-feature","question":"What does MMF mean?","content":"Minimum Marketable Feature, or Característica Mínima Comercializable, is th..."}]},{"title":"Design System","question":"What is a Design System?","description":"A collection of reusable components guided by clear standards that can be assembled to build any type of application.","date":"2026-02-22","categories":["design quality","design system","development efficiency"],"published":true,"slug":"design-system","content":"

🎨 Definition

A Design System is a collection of reusable components, guided by clear standards, that can be assembled to build any type of application consistently and efficiently.

🔧 Purpose

It serves as essential infrastructure to ensure design quality and development efficiency in organizations, promoting coherence and scalability across products.

📚 Components

Includes a library of visual components, interface patterns, design principles, usage guidelines, typography rules, color palettes, and accessibility standards.

💡 Practical Example

Companies like Google (Material Design), Apple (Human Interface Guidelines), and Shopify (Polaris) maintain public design systems that ensure consistent user experiences across all their products and platforms.

👥 Who Benefits

Design systems benefit both designers and developers, facilitating collaboration and maintaining a unified user experience across products.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["es"],"related":[{"title":"Agent","slug":"agent","url":"/en/que-es/agent","question":"What is an AI Agent?","content":"An Agent is a software entity that can take actions autonomously on behalf..."},{"title":"KPI","slug":"kpi---key-performance-indicator","url":"/en/que-es/kpi---key-performance-indicator","question":"What does KPI mean?","content":"Key Performance Indicator (KPI), or Key Performance Indicator, is a quantif..."},{"title":"Alignment (AI)","slug":"alignment---ai","url":"/en/que-es/alignment---ai","question":"What is AI Alignment?","content":"AI Alignment is the challenge of ensuring that AI systems pursue goals and..."},{"title":"Cost of Delay","slug":"cost-of-delay","url":"/en/que-es/cost-of-delay","question":"What is Cost of Delay?","content":"The Cost of Delay (CoD) represents the economic impact of a delay in the de..."},{"title":"Bottom-Up","slug":"bottom-up","url":"/en/que-es/bottom-up","question":"What is the Bottom-Up transformation approach?","content":"In Agile transformation, the Bottom-Up approach means that teams and indivi..."}]},{"title":"Design Thinking","question":"What is Design Thinking?","description":"It is a process for solving problems that focuses on understanding human needs and creating innovative solutions.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["design thinking","innovation","process"],"published":true,"slug":"design-thinking","content":"

🎨 Definition

Design Thinking is a process for solving problems that focuses on understanding human needs and creating innovative solutions developed with a Customer Centricity alignment.

📚 Origin

Design Thinking originated at Stanford's d.school, with early works by John E. Arnold and Herbert Simon.

💡 Ideation

The process includes a brainstorming phase and idea generation to explore a wide range of possibilities.

🏗️ Prototyping

Ideas are quickly turned into tangible prototypes for testing and refinement.

📊 Testing and Feedback

Prototypes are tested with users to gather feedback and iterate on the design.

📈 Business Impact

Design Thinking is used not only for product design but also for innovation in business models and organizational change.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Design Sprint","slug":"design-sprint","url":"/en/que-es/design-sprint","question":"What is Design Sprint?","content":"Design Sprint is an agile product development process that allows the creat..."},{"title":"Inference","slug":"inference","url":"/en/que-es/inference","question":"What is AI Inference?","content":"AI Inference is the process of using a trained machine learning model to ma..."},{"title":"Discovery","slug":"discovery","url":"/en/que-es/discovery","question":"What is Discovery?","content":"Discovery is the process of determining what product or service to build, f..."},{"title":"Business Agility","slug":"business-agility","url":"/en/que-es/business-agility","question":"What is Business Agility?","content":"Business Agility, or Corporate Agility, refers to an organization's ability..."},{"title":"Impact Map","slug":"impact-mapping","url":"/en/que-es/impact-mapping","question":"What is Impact Mapping?","content":"Impact Mapping is a visual technique used to help teams focus on the goals..."}]},{"title":"Deterministic (AI)","question":"What does Deterministic mean in AI?","description":"AI behavior that produces the same output given identical inputs, ensuring predictable and repeatable results.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["ai","reliability","technical"],"published":true,"slug":"deterministic","content":"

🤖 Definition

Deterministic in AI refers to systems that produce exactly the same output when given identical inputs and conditions, ensuring predictable, repeatable, and consistent behavior across multiple runs.

🎯 Purpose

Deterministic AI enables reliable testing, debugging, and quality assurance by ensuring consistent results, which is crucial for applications requiring predictable behavior like safety-critical systems or reproducible research.

⚙️ Function

Deterministic AI works by eliminating randomness in model operations, using fixed seeds for random number generation, and controlling all variables that could introduce variability in the decision-making process.

🌟 Example

A deterministic language model will always generate \"The capital of France is Paris\" when asked \"What is the capital of France?\", while a non-deterministic model might sometimes say \"Paris is the capital of France\" or provide additional context.

🔗 Related

Connected to Reproducibility, Testing Frameworks, Model Reliability, Random Seeds, and Quality Assurance in AI systems.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["cs","da","ja","no"],"related":[{"title":"Context Window","slug":"context-window","url":"/en/que-es/context-window","question":"What is a Context Window?","content":"A Context Window is the maximum amount of text, tokens, or information that..."},{"title":"Hallucination","slug":"hallucination","url":"/en/que-es/hallucination","question":"What is AI Hallucination?","content":"AI Hallucination occurs when artificial intelligence systems generate infor..."},{"title":"Embeddings","slug":"embeddings","url":"/en/que-es/embeddings","question":"What are Embeddings in AI?","content":"Embeddings are dense numerical vector representations that capture the sema..."},{"title":"Credits/Tokens (AI)","slug":"credits---tokens","url":"/en/que-es/credits---tokens","question":"What are AI Credits and Tokens?","content":"Credits and Tokens in AI are units of measurement used to quantify and bill..."},{"title":"Grounding","slug":"grounding","url":"/en/que-es/grounding","question":"What is Grounding in AI?","content":"Grounding in AI refers to the process of connecting AI-generated responses..."}]},{"title":"Developers","question":"What is a Developer?","description":"They are responsible for writing code to create, design, and maintain software applications.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["development","role","scrum"],"published":true,"slug":"developer","content":"

💻 Definition

A Developer, also known as a software developer, is an expert in writing code to create, design, and maintain software applications, websites, or games for various devices.

📱 Importance

Developers are crucial in the digital era, with their skills being in high demand due to the rapid digitalization of markets and the need for innovative digital solutions.

🥷 Skills

They require advanced knowledge in programming languages, design technologies, and the ability to work on complex technical projects.

👨‍💻 Scrum

Developers in Scrum are the team members responsible for creating, designing, implementing, and delivering the software product.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Scrum Master","slug":"scrum-master","url":"/en/que-es/scrum-master","question":"What is a Scrum Master?","content":"The Scrum Master is one of the three key roles in the Scrum framework, resp..."},{"title":"ALM","slug":"alm","url":"/en/que-es/alm","question":"What does ALM stand for?","content":"ALM, or Application Lifecycle Management, refers to the process of managing..."},{"title":"Agile Coach","slug":"agile-coach","url":"/en/que-es/agile-coach","question":"What is an Agile Coach?","content":"An Agile Coach is an expert in agility who guides individuals, teams, and o..."},{"title":"Junior","slug":"junior","url":"/en/que-es/junior","question":"What is a junior?","content":"A junior developer typically has 0 to 3 years of experience, with some know..."},{"title":"Product Owner","slug":"product-owner","url":"/en/que-es/product-owner","question":"What is a Product Owner?","content":"The Product Owner (PO) is a key role in Scrum, responsible for maximizing t..."}]},{"title":"DevOps","question":"What is DevOps?","description":"It is a combination of the English terms development and operations.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["CD","CI","DevOps","agile","development","operations"],"published":true,"slug":"devops","content":"

🛠️ Definition

DevOps is a software development philosophy that focuses on communication, collaboration, and integration between software developers and IT operations professionals.

🌐 Origin

The term DevOps was coined in 2009 with the presentation \"10 deploys per day\" by John Allspaw and Paul Hammond at the O'Reilly Velocity 09 event, but the movement actually began in 2007 when Patrick Debois, an independent consultant, experienced conflicts between development and operations teams.

📈 Evolution

DevOps has evolved to include practices like continuous delivery and continuous deployment, aiming to improve the quality, speed, and profitability of software.

🤝 Cross-functional Collaboration

DevOps requires a cultural shift towards collaboration and integration between traditionally isolated development and operations teams.

🔁 Continuous Integration

Continuous Integration (CI) is a key practice in DevOps involving automatic updates of code in a shared repository. Its goal is to quickly detect and fix errors, improve software quality, and accelerate delivery time.

🚀 Continuous Deployment

Another evolution of the DevOps paradigm is Continuous Deployment (CD), where code changes are automatically released into the production environment.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Blue / Green","slug":"blue-green","url":"/en/que-es/blue-green","question":"What is Blue / Green deployment?","content":"It is a software deployment method that involves maintaining two identical..."},{"title":"Feature Flags","slug":"feature-flag","url":"/en/que-es/feature-flag","question":"What is a Feature Flag?","content":"Feature Flags, also known as Feature Toggles, are a technique that allows d..."},{"title":"CI/CD","slug":"ci-cd","url":"/en/que-es/ci-cd","question":"What are Continuous Integration (CI) and Continuous Deployment (CD)?","content":"CI involves the frequent integration of code changes into a shared reposito..."},{"title":"CI","slug":"ci","url":"/en/que-es/ci","question":"What does CI mean?","content":"Continuous Integration (CI) is a software development practice where develo..."},{"title":"User Story Map","slug":"user-story-map","url":"/en/que-es/user-story-map","question":"What is a User Story Map?","content":"User Story Map (USM), or User Story Mapping, is a technique that organizes..."}]},{"title":"Discovery","question":"What is Discovery?","description":"It is the process of determining what product or service to build.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["agile","innovation","product","product backlog","upstream"],"published":true,"slug":"discovery","content":"

🔍 Definition

Discovery is the process of determining what product or service to build, focusing on validating user needs and identifying risks and opportunities.

🔄 Agile

Discovery is often used in conjunction with agile methodologies to ensure that the correct product is being built efficiently.

👥 Team Collaboration

It involves a cross-functional team working together to understand user contexts and challenges, and to create innovative and valuable solutions.

📈 Continuous Process

Discovery is not a one-time activity, but a continuous process that helps mitigate risks and make informed decisions.

🔄 Dual Track Approach

Discovery can be used in a Dual Track approach, integrating with agile practices such as Scrum to ensure that the developed product aligns with user needs.

📅 Initial Stage

It is typically performed in the early stages of the product development lifecycle, allowing for the validation of product ideas before significant resources are invested.

🛠 Lean Methodologies

Discovery often leverages lean methodologies to quickly test and iterate on ideas, aligning with the iterative nature of agile development.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Three Amigos","slug":"three-amigos","url":"/en/que-es/three-amigos","question":"What does Three Amigos mean?","content":"\"Three Amigos\" is a collaborative practice in agile software development wh..."},{"title":"Backlog","slug":"backlog","url":"/en/que-es/backlog","question":"What is a Backlog?","content":"A backlog is an ordered list of work for a development team that is derived..."},{"title":"Downstream","slug":"downstream","url":"/en/que-es/downstream","question":"What is downstream?","content":"Refers to the activities from the receipt of a request to the completion of..."},{"title":"FOMO","slug":"fomo","url":"/en/que-es/fomo","question":"What is FOMO?","content":"'FOMO' stands for 'Fear of Missing Out' and is a psychological condition ch..."},{"title":"Dual Track","slug":"dual-track","url":"/en/que-es/dual-track","question":"What is Dual Track?","content":"A project management approach that combines the iterative and flexible natu..."}]},{"title":"DoD - Definition of Done","question":"What is the Definition of Done?","description":"It is a set of criteria that determines when a user story has been completed.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["agile","quality","scrum","user story"],"published":true,"slug":"dod-definition-of-done","content":"

🎯 Definition

The Definition of Done, DoD, is a set of criteria that determines when a user story is considered complete within the Scrum framework.

🛠️ Importance

It ensures that all work is finished according to a consistent standard for the team and is ready for release, providing transparency and ensuring quality.

🤝 Creation

If the organization does not have a defined DoD, it is the developers' responsibility to create it.

📈 Measurement

Allows for an objective assessment of completed work and helps manage team capacity and expectations.

📋 Visible Criteria

The DoD is typically documented as a checklist or list of criteria that is visible to the entire team and can be referenced throughout the sprint.

🌱 Evolution

The DoD is a living element that should improve and expand as more is learned.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Planning Poker","slug":"planning-poker","url":"/en/que-es/planning-poker","question":"What is Planning Poker?","content":"Planning Poker is a technique used in Agile teams to estimate the effort re..."},{"title":"Features","slug":"feature","url":"/en/que-es/feature","question":"What is a feature?","content":"A feature, or characteristic, is a portion of functionality that delivers v..."},{"title":"Dual Track","slug":"dual-track","url":"/en/que-es/dual-track","question":"What is Dual Track?","content":"A project management approach that combines the iterative and flexible natu..."},{"title":"Blockages","slug":"blockages","url":"/en/que-es/blockages","question":"What is a blockage?","content":"In frameworks like Scrum and Kanban, a 'blockage' refers to any obstacle th..."},{"title":"Backlog","slug":"backlog","url":"/en/que-es/backlog","question":"What is a Backlog?","content":"A backlog is an ordered list of work for a development team that is derived..."}]},{"title":"DoR - Definition of Ready","question":"What is the Definition of Ready?","description":"It is a set of criteria that defines the requirements an item must meet before being developed.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["DoD","agreement","antipattern","scrum"],"published":true,"slug":"dor-definition-of-ready","content":"

🔍 Definition

The Definition of Ready, DoR, is a set of criteria agreed upon by the Product Owner and the Developers in Scrum, which outlines the requirements a Product Backlog item must meet before being selected for a Sprint Backlog.

📝 Criteria for Readiness

The DoR ensures that items are sufficiently refined, understood, and feasible for implementation, reducing the risk of delays and misunderstandings during Sprint Planning.

📝 Not Part of Scrum

Although not a formal part of the Scrum framework, the DoR serves, in some cases, as a collaborative tool, promoting communication and shared understanding between the Product Owner and the Development Team.

🚫 Antipattern

The DoR is considered an antipattern because it goes against the principles of empiricism in Scrum, hindering a team's ability to follow empirical process control and can become a barrier to communication and autonomy for the team.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"WET","slug":"wet","url":"/en/que-es/wet","question":"What does WET mean?","content":"The WET principle, translating to 'Write Everything Twice' or 'We Enjoy Typ..."},{"title":"Backlog","slug":"backlog","url":"/en/que-es/backlog","question":"What is a Backlog?","content":"A backlog is an ordered list of work for a development team that is derived..."},{"title":"Burnup Chart","slug":"burnup-chart","url":"/en/que-es/burnup-chart","question":"What is a burnup chart?","content":"A burnup chart is a visual representation that shows the amount of work com..."},{"title":"Agile Manifesto","slug":"agile-manifesto","url":"/en/que-es/agile-manifesto","question":"What is the Agile Manifesto?","content":"The Agile Manifesto is a document created on February 12, 2001, by 17 softw..."},{"title":"DoD - Definition of Done","slug":"dod-definition-of-done","url":"/en/que-es/dod-definition-of-done","question":"What is the Definition of Done?","content":"The Definition of Done, DoD, is a set of criteria that determines when a us..."}]},{"title":"DORA Metrics","question":"What are DORA Metrics?","description":"Four key metrics defined by Google's DevOps Research and Assessment team to measure software delivery performance.","date":"2026-02-22","categories":["continuous improvement","devops","metrics"],"published":true,"slug":"dora-metrics","content":"

🔍 Definition

DORA stands for DevOps Research and Assessment, a research group at Google that defined four key metrics to measure and analyze the technological performance of software teams.

📊 The Four Metrics

Deployment Frequency -- How often code is deployed to production
Lead Time for Changes -- Time from commit to production deployment
Change Failure Rate -- Percentage of deployments causing failures
Time to Restore Service -- How long it takes to recover from a failure

🎯 Purpose

DORA metrics help teams measure and improve their software delivery capabilities, enabling data-driven decisions about engineering practices and tooling investments.

💡 Practical Example

A team tracking DORA metrics discovers their lead time is 2 weeks. By implementing CI/CD pipelines and automated testing, they reduce it to 2 days, achieving \"Elite\" performer status according to the DORA benchmarks.

📈 Why It Matters

Teams that score well on all four DORA metrics consistently deliver software faster, with fewer failures, and recover more quickly when issues arise.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["es"],"related":[{"title":"Postmortem","slug":"postmortem","url":"/en/que-es/postmortem","question":"What is a Postmortem?","content":"A postmortem is a retrospective analysis conducted after an incident, outag..."},{"title":"SIPOC","slug":"sipoc","url":"/en/que-es/sipoc","question":"What is SIPOC?","content":"SIPOC is an acronym that stands for Suppliers, Inputs, Process, Outputs, an..."},{"title":"Release Candidate","slug":"release-candidate","url":"/en/que-es/release-candidate","question":"What is a Release Candidate (RC)?","content":"A Release Candidate (RC) is a version of software that has passed all plann..."},{"title":"Management 3.0","slug":"management-3-0","url":"/en/que-es/management-3-0","question":"What is Management 3.0?","content":"Management 3.0 is a leadership and management approach that focuses on the..."},{"title":"Forecast","slug":"forecast","url":"/en/que-es/forecast","question":"What is a Forecast?","content":"A Forecast is the estimation and tracking of future sales of a product, typ..."}]},{"title":"Downstream","question":"What is downstream?","description":"Activities from the receipt of a request to its delivery.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["agile","cycle time","kanban","lead time","lean","upstream"],"published":true,"slug":"downstream","content":"

⬇️ Downstream

Refers to the activities from the receipt of a request to the completion of the service for a customer in Agile and Lean philosophies.

🔄 Upstream

In contrast, upstream involves everything that happens before the actual execution, such as product discovery or backlog definition.

🔀 Kanban

Uses the concept of downstream to manage workflow, with a focus on visualizing and optimizing the entire process.

📈 Metrics

Some metrics used to observe the efficiency of upstream are Lead Time and Cycle Time.

📦 Scrum

Although not explicitly named, Scrum also implies upstream activities through the management of the Product Backlog by the Product Owner.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Lean","slug":"lean","url":"/en/que-es/lean","question":"What is Lean?","content":"Lean is the application of manufacturing principles to the development and..."},{"title":"Kanban","slug":"kanban","url":"/en/que-es/kanban","question":"What is Kanban?","content":"Kanban is a lean method for managing and improving work flows in production..."},{"title":"Cycle Time","slug":"cycle-time","url":"/en/que-es/cycle-time","question":"What is Cycle Time?","content":"Cycle time refers to the time it takes for an item to go through the produc..."},{"title":"Dual Track","slug":"dual-track","url":"/en/que-es/dual-track","question":"What is Dual Track?","content":"A project management approach that combines the iterative and flexible natu..."},{"title":"Blockages","slug":"blockages","url":"/en/que-es/blockages","question":"What is a blockage?","content":"In frameworks like Scrum and Kanban, a 'blockage' refers to any obstacle th..."}]},{"title":"DRY","question":"What does DRY mean?","description":"DRY stands for Don't Repeat Yourself.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["DRY","development","maintainability","principles","scalability"],"published":true,"slug":"dry---dont-repeat-yourself","content":"

📚 Principle Definition

DRY stands for 'Don't Repeat Yourself' and is a software development principle that emphasizes reducing repetitive patterns and duplicated code in favor of modular and referable code.

👨‍💻 Origin

Coined by Andy Hunt and Dave Thomas in 'The Pragmatic Programmer', DRY aims to ensure that each piece of knowledge has a single, unambiguous representation within a system.

⚙️ Importance

Writing DRY code is essential for maintainability, scalability, and to avoid the opposite, WET code ('Write Everything Twice').

🔍 Rule of Three

A good general rule for DRY code is the 'Rule of Three', which suggests abstracting code into a reusable unit the third time a certain pattern is encountered.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"SOLID","slug":"solid","url":"/en/que-es/solid","question":"What are the SOLID principles?","content":"The SOLID principles were introduced by Robert C. Martin, also known as Unc..."},{"title":"Tech Lead","slug":"tech-lead","url":"/en/que-es/tech-lead","question":"What is a Tech Lead?","content":"A Tech Lead (TL), also known as Technical Lead or Technical Leader, is a se..."},{"title":"Testing","slug":"test","url":"/en/que-es/test","question":"What is Testing?","content":"Testing, or test, is a procedure conducted to verify and validate the funct..."},{"title":"Tester","slug":"tester","url":"/en/que-es/tester","question":"What is a tester?","content":"A tester, also known as a test engineer or QA (Quality Assurance), is prima..."},{"title":"TDD","slug":"tdd---test-driven-development","url":"/en/que-es/tdd---test-driven-development","question":"What is Test Driven Development (TDD)?","content":"Test-Driven Development (TDD) is a programming approach that emphasizes wri..."}]},{"title":"Dual Track","question":"What is Dual Track?","description":"It is an approach that combines product discovery with its delivery simultaneously.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["agile","delivery","discovery","downstream","scrum","upstream"],"published":true,"slug":"dual-track","content":"

🔍 Definition

A project management approach that combines the iterative and flexible nature of Agile by separating upstream and downstream activities.

🔄 Origin

The concept of Dual Track was first mentioned in 2005 by Lynn Miller, with further elaboration by Desirée Sy in 2007, and formalized as 'Dual-Track Agile' by Marty Cagan and Jeff Patton in 2012.

👁️ Discovery

During the upstream phase, a part of the team, generally including the Product Owner and team members with User Experience (UX) roles, focuses on understanding user needs, prototyping, and testing solutions before proceeding with development.

🚀 Execution

During the downstream, developers materialize the ideas from discovery into product increments.

🤝 Synchronization

Both tracks work in parallel, aiming to synchronize their efforts to ensure a sustainable and efficient workflow.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"DoD - Definition of Done","slug":"dod-definition-of-done","url":"/en/que-es/dod-definition-of-done","question":"What is the Definition of Done?","content":"The Definition of Done, DoD, is a set of criteria that determines when a us..."},{"title":"Burnup Chart","slug":"burnup-chart","url":"/en/que-es/burnup-chart","question":"What is a burnup chart?","content":"A burnup chart is a visual representation that shows the amount of work com..."},{"title":"Extreme Programming - XP","slug":"extreme-programming---xp","url":"/en/que-es/extreme-programming---xp","question":"What is Extreme Programming?","content":"Extreme Programming or XP is an agile software development framework that f..."},{"title":"Discovery","slug":"discovery","url":"/en/que-es/discovery","question":"What is Discovery?","content":"Discovery is the process of determining what product or service to build, f..."},{"title":"Self-Management","slug":"self-management","url":"/en/que-es/self-management","question":"What is Self-Management?","content":"In the context of Scrum, self-management refers to the concept of teams man..."}]},{"title":"End-to-End Testing (E2E)","question":"What is End-to-End Testing?","description":"A testing technique that verifies the complete functionality of an application from start to finish by simulating real user scenarios.","date":"2026-02-22","categories":["automation","quality assurance","testing"],"published":true,"slug":"e2e-testing","content":"

🔍 Definition

End-to-End (E2E) testing is a software testing technique that verifies the complete functionality and performance of an application from start to finish, simulating real user scenarios and replicating live data.

🎯 Purpose

E2E tests ensure that all integrated components of an application work together correctly, catching bugs that unit tests and integration tests might miss.

🛠️ Common Tools

Cypress -- Fast, developer-friendly browser testing
Playwright -- Cross-browser automation by Microsoft
Selenium -- The industry standard for web automation
Puppeteer -- Headless Chrome testing by Google

💡 Practical Example

An E2E test for an e-commerce site might simulate a user browsing products, adding items to cart, entering shipping details, completing payment, and verifying the order confirmation email -- testing the entire purchase flow.

👀 Best Practices

Focus on critical user journeys, not every possible path
Keep E2E tests stable by using data-testid attributes
Run E2E tests in CI/CD pipelines before deployment
Balance E2E tests with faster unit and integration tests (testing pyramid)

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["es"],"related":[{"title":"Testing","slug":"test","url":"/en/que-es/test","question":"What is Testing?","content":"Testing, or test, is a procedure conducted to verify and validate the funct..."},{"title":"Agent","slug":"agent","url":"/en/que-es/agent","question":"What is an AI Agent?","content":"An Agent is a software entity that can take actions autonomously on behalf..."},{"title":"Alpha","slug":"alpha","url":"/en/que-es/alpha","question":"What is an Alpha version?","content":"An Alpha version is an early stage of a software product, typically release..."},{"title":"CI","slug":"ci","url":"/en/que-es/ci","question":"What does CI mean?","content":"Continuous Integration (CI) is a software development practice where develo..."},{"title":"Evals","slug":"evals","url":"/en/que-es/evals","question":"What are Evals in AI?","content":"Evals (Evaluations) are systematic tests and assessment frameworks designed..."}]},{"title":"Embeddings","question":"What are Embeddings in AI?","description":"Numerical representations that capture the meaning and relationships between words, concepts, or data points in high-dimensional space.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["ai","data","technical"],"published":true,"slug":"embeddings","content":"

🤖 Definition

Embeddings are dense numerical vector representations that capture the semantic meaning and relationships of words, concepts, or data points in a high-dimensional mathematical space, enabling AI systems to work with meaning rather than just symbols.

🎯 Purpose

Embeddings enable AI models to understand semantic relationships, find similar concepts, and perform mathematical operations on meaning, making it possible to build systems that can reason about content similarity and context.

⚙️ Function

Embeddings work by training models to map similar concepts to nearby points in vector space, where mathematical operations like distance and direction correspond to semantic relationships like similarity and analogy.

🌟 Example

In word embeddings, \"king\" and \"queen\" vectors are close together, and the mathematical relationship \"king - man + woman ≈ queen\" captures the analogy relationship between these concepts.

🔗 Related

Connected to Vector Databases, Semantic Search, Natural Language Processing, Representation Learning, and Similarity Matching systems.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["cs","da","de","es","fi","fr","it","ja","nl","no","pl","pt","sv"],"related":[{"title":"Machine Learning (ML)","slug":"machine-learning---ml","url":"/en/que-es/machine-learning---ml","question":"What is Machine Learning?","content":"Machine Learning (ML) is the broader field of training algorithms to improv..."},{"title":"Ground Truth","slug":"ground-truth","url":"/en/que-es/ground-truth","question":"What is Ground Truth in AI?","content":"Ground Truth in AI refers to the accurate, verified, or objectively correct..."},{"title":"Inference","slug":"inference","url":"/en/que-es/inference","question":"What is AI Inference?","content":"AI Inference is the process of using a trained machine learning model to ma..."},{"title":"Context Window","slug":"context-window","url":"/en/que-es/context-window","question":"What is a Context Window?","content":"A Context Window is the maximum amount of text, tokens, or information that..."},{"title":"Credits/Tokens (AI)","slug":"credits---tokens","url":"/en/que-es/credits---tokens","question":"What are AI Credits and Tokens?","content":"Credits and Tokens in AI are units of measurement used to quantify and bill..."}]},{"title":"Engineer Manager","question":"What is an Engineer Manager?","description":"They are experienced engineers who lead technical activities and manage teams of engineers.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["collaboration","leadership"],"published":true,"slug":"engineer-manager","content":"

👩‍💼 Role Definition

An Engineer Manager is an experienced engineer who leads technical activities and manages teams of developers.

🔧 Technical Leadership

They are responsible for making data-based technical decisions and overseeing the execution of technical and design operations.

👥 Team Management

In addition to technical tasks, they oversee and guide several engineering teams, ensuring projects are completed efficiently and according to schedule.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Business Agility","slug":"business-agility","url":"/en/que-es/business-agility","question":"What is Business Agility?","content":"Business Agility, or Corporate Agility, refers to an organization's ability..."},{"title":"BDD","slug":"bdd","url":"/en/que-es/bdd","question":"What is BDD?","content":"Behavior Driven Development (BDD) is a software development process that ai..."},{"title":"Figma","slug":"figma","url":"/en/que-es/figma","question":"What is Figma?","content":"Figma is a graphic design and prototyping tool widely used in the design an..."},{"title":"GitHub","slug":"github","url":"/en/que-es/github","question":"What is GitHub?","content":"GitHub is a platform for developers to host and manage their code, offering..."},{"title":"Human-in-the-Loop (HITL)","slug":"human-in-the-loop---hitl","url":"/en/que-es/human-in-the-loop---hitl","question":"What is Human-in-the-Loop?","content":"Human-in-the-Loop (HITL) is an AI approach that combines automated decision..."}]},{"title":"Escape Hatch","question":"What is an Escape Hatch in AI?","description":"A fallback mechanism that allows users or systems to override AI decisions or revert to manual control when needed.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["ai","control","safety"],"published":true,"slug":"escape-hatch","content":"

🤖 Definition

An Escape Hatch in AI is a safety mechanism that provides users or systems with the ability to override, interrupt, or circumvent AI decisions and actions, ensuring human control can be maintained when automated systems fail or behave unexpectedly.

🎯 Purpose

Escape hatches ensure that humans retain ultimate control over AI systems, providing critical safety nets when AI makes errors, encounters edge cases, or operates outside its intended parameters.

⚙️ Function

Escape hatches work by building manual override capabilities, kill switches, or alternative pathways into AI systems that can be activated quickly when human intervention is needed to prevent harm or correct course.

🌟 Example

An autonomous vehicle's steering wheel and brake pedal serve as escape hatches, allowing the human driver to immediately take control if the AI system malfunctions or encounters a situation it cannot handle safely.

🔗 Related

Connected to AI Safety, Human Oversight, Fail-Safe Systems, Manual Override, Risk Mitigation, and Human-in-the-Loop design.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["cs","da","fi","ja","nl","no","pl","sv"],"related":[{"title":"Guardrails","slug":"guardrails","url":"/en/que-es/guardrails","question":"What are AI Guardrails?","content":"AI Guardrails are safety mechanisms, constraints, and filtering systems des..."},{"title":"Alignment (AI)","slug":"alignment---ai","url":"/en/que-es/alignment---ai","question":"What is AI Alignment?","content":"AI Alignment is the challenge of ensuring that AI systems pursue goals and..."},{"title":"Chain of Thought (CoT)","slug":"chain-of-thought---cot","url":"/en/que-es/chain-of-thought---cot","question":"What is Chain of Thought?","content":"Chain of Thought (CoT) is a prompting technique that encourages AI models t..."},{"title":"AX (Agentic Experience)","slug":"ax---agentic-experience","url":"/en/que-es/ax---agentic-experience","question":"What is AX?","content":"AX (Agentic Experience) is an extension of UX for the AI Age, focusing on t..."},{"title":"Ambient AI","slug":"ambient-ai","url":"/en/que-es/ambient-ai","question":"What is Ambient AI?","content":"Ambient AI refers to artificial intelligence that operates seamlessly in th..."}]},{"title":"Evals","question":"What are Evals in AI?","description":"Systematic evaluations and tests designed to measure AI model capabilities, safety, and performance across various tasks.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["ai","evaluation","testing"],"published":true,"slug":"evals","content":"

🤖 Definition

Evals (Evaluations) are systematic tests and assessment frameworks designed to measure AI model capabilities, safety, alignment, and performance across specific tasks, domains, or behavioral criteria.

🎯 Purpose

Evals provide objective measurement of AI system capabilities, identify potential risks or limitations, and ensure models meet required standards before deployment in production environments.

⚙️ Function

Evals work by creating standardized test suites that probe different aspects of AI behavior, from factual knowledge and reasoning to safety alignment and potential harmful outputs, providing quantitative scores and qualitative insights.

🌟 Example

Safety evals might test whether an AI refuses harmful requests, while capability evals measure performance on math problems, coding tasks, or reading comprehension across various difficulty levels.

🔗 Related

Connected to AI Safety, Model Testing, Benchmarks, Quality Assurance, Risk Assessment, and AI Alignment research.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["cs","da","fi","ja","nl","no","pl","sv"],"related":[{"title":"Benchmark (AI)","slug":"benchmark---ai","url":"/en/que-es/benchmark---ai","question":"What is an AI Benchmark?","content":"An AI Benchmark is a standardized test, dataset, or evaluation methodology..."},{"title":"Evaluation Harness","slug":"evaluation-harness","url":"/en/que-es/evaluation-harness","question":"What is an Evaluation Harness?","content":"An evaluation harness is a standardized software framework designed to syst..."},{"title":"Ground Truth","slug":"ground-truth","url":"/en/que-es/ground-truth","question":"What is Ground Truth in AI?","content":"Ground Truth in AI refers to the accurate, verified, or objectively correct..."},{"title":"Staging","slug":"staging","url":"/en/que-es/staging","question":"What is a Staging environment?","content":"Staging in software development refers to the practice of creating a separa..."},{"title":"Inference","slug":"inference","url":"/en/que-es/inference","question":"What is AI Inference?","content":"AI Inference is the process of using a trained machine learning model to ma..."}]},{"title":"Evaluation Harness","question":"What is an Evaluation Harness?","description":"An evaluation harness is a standardized AI testing framework for benchmarking LLM performance across tasks. Learn how tools like lm-eval-harness, HELM, and custom harnesses work.","date":"2026-02-22","categories":["LLM","ai","benchmarking","infrastructure","testing"],"published":true,"slug":"evaluation-harness","content":"

What is an Evaluation Harness?

An evaluation harness is a standardized software framework designed to systematically test, benchmark, and evaluate AI models — particularly large language models (LLMs) — across multiple tasks, datasets, and performance metrics. It automates the process of running models against curated benchmarks, collecting results, computing metrics, and generating reproducible reports.

As the AI industry has scaled from small research models to trillion-parameter systems deployed to hundreds of millions of users, evaluation harnesses have become critical infrastructure. According to the Stanford Institute for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence (HAI), the number of AI benchmarks tracked by their AI Index Report grew from 59 in 2017 to over 360 in 2023 (Stanford HAI, AI Index Report 2024). Without standardized harnesses, comparing models across these benchmarks would be impractical.

As Percy Liang, Director of the Stanford Center for Research on Foundation Models (CRFM), states: \"Evaluation is the backbone of AI progress. Without rigorous, standardized evaluation, we cannot distinguish genuine advances from noise.\" (Stanford CRFM, HELM whitepaper, 2022)

Why Evaluation Harnesses Matter

The Reproducibility Crisis in AI

A 2022 study published in Nature Machine Intelligence found that fewer than 30% of AI papers provide sufficient information to fully reproduce their results (Gundersen & Kjensmo, 2018, \"State of the Art: Reproducibility in Artificial Intelligence\"). Evaluation harnesses address this crisis directly by:

Standardizing test conditions: Same prompts, same data splits, same scoring methods
Eliminating cherry-picking: Running the full benchmark suite rather than selected examples
Enabling version control: Tracking exactly which version of a benchmark was used
Automating scoring: Removing human subjectivity from metrics computation

The Cost of Poor Evaluation

According to McKinsey's 2023 report on AI deployment, 47% of organizations that deployed AI models into production experienced unexpected performance degradation within 6 months. Poor pre-deployment evaluation was cited as the primary cause. Evaluation harnesses reduce this risk by providing comprehensive, multi-dimensional assessments before models reach production.

Major Evaluation Harnesses

EleutherAI Language Model Evaluation Harness (lm-eval-harness)

The lm-eval-harness is the most widely used open-source evaluation framework for language models. Created by EleutherAI, a grassroots research collective, it has become the de facto standard for LLM benchmarking.

Key features:

400+ tasks: Supports benchmarks including MMLU, HellaSwag, ARC, TruthfulQA, Winogrande, GSM8K, and HumanEval
Multiple model backends: Compatible with HuggingFace Transformers, GGUF (llama.cpp), vLLM, OpenAI API, Anthropic API, and more
Few-shot evaluation: Supports configurable n-shot prompting (0-shot, 5-shot, etc.)
Custom tasks: Users can define new benchmarks using YAML configuration files
Batch processing: Optimized for GPU-efficient evaluation at scale

Example usage:

lm_eval --model hf \\ --model_args pretrained=meta-llama/Llama-3-8B \\ --tasks mmlu,hellaswag,arc_challenge \\ --num_fewshot 5 \\ --batch_size 8 \\ --output_path results/

According to GitHub statistics, lm-eval-harness has been cited in over 5,000 research papers and is used by organizations including Meta, Google DeepMind, Microsoft Research, and Anthropic to validate model performance.

Stanford HELM (Holistic Evaluation of Language Models)

HELM was developed by Stanford CRFM to address what its creators describe as the \"narrow evaluation problem\" — the tendency to evaluate models on only a few popular benchmarks.

HELM evaluates models across 7 metrics simultaneously:

Accuracy: Correctness of outputs
Calibration: How well confidence scores match actual accuracy
Robustness: Performance under input perturbations
Fairness: Demographic parity and equalized odds
Bias: Stereotypical associations in outputs
Toxicity: Generation of harmful content
Efficiency: Computational cost per evaluation

As of 2024, HELM tracks over 90 models across 60+ scenarios, providing one of the most comprehensive public leaderboards in AI evaluation.

OpenAI Evals

OpenAI Evals is an open-source framework specifically designed for evaluating conversational and instruction-following AI models. Unlike traditional benchmarks that test factual knowledge, Evals focuses on:

Instruction following: Does the model do what it's asked?
Safety compliance: Does the model refuse harmful requests?
Format adherence: Does the model output structured data correctly?
Multi-turn coherence: Does the model maintain context across conversations?

Google BIG-Bench

BIG-Bench (Beyond the Imitation Game Benchmark) was created collaboratively by 450+ researchers across 130 institutions. It contains 204 tasks specifically designed to probe capabilities that current models struggle with, including:

Logical reasoning and deduction
Mathematical problem-solving
Understanding sarcasm and figurative language
Multilingual understanding
Ethical reasoning

A 2023 analysis by Srivastava et al. published in Transactions on Machine Learning Research showed that even the largest models (175B+ parameters) achieve human-level performance on fewer than 65% of BIG-Bench tasks, demonstrating significant room for improvement.

Chatbot Arena (LMSYS)

Chatbot Arena takes a fundamentally different approach: human evaluation at scale. Developed by LMSYS at UC Berkeley, it uses an Elo rating system (similar to chess) where:

Users submit prompts and receive responses from two anonymous models
Users vote for which response they prefer
Elo ratings are computed from hundreds of thousands of pairwise comparisons

As of early 2025, Chatbot Arena has collected over 1,000,000 human votes across 100+ models. Research by Chiang et al. (2024) demonstrated that Chatbot Arena rankings correlate strongly with expert assessments, making it one of the most trusted evaluation methods in the industry.

Key Benchmarks Used in Evaluation Harnesses

Knowledge and Reasoning

Benchmark	Tasks	What It Measures	Created By
MMLU	57 subjects, 15,908 questions	Broad academic knowledge	Hendrycks et al. (UC Berkeley)
ARC	7,787 science questions	Scientific reasoning	AI2 (Allen Institute)
HellaSwag	70,000 completions	Commonsense reasoning	Zellers et al. (U. Washington)
Winogrande	44,000 sentence pairs	Commonsense coreference	AI2
TruthfulQA	817 questions	Factual accuracy, avoiding misinformation	Lin et al. (Oxford)

Code and Mathematics

Benchmark	What It Measures	Key Metric
HumanEval	Python code generation	pass@k (% of correct solutions in k attempts)
MBPP	Basic Python programming	Accuracy on 974 simple programs
GSM8K	Grade-school math word problems	Exact match accuracy
MATH	Competition-level mathematics	Accuracy across 5 difficulty levels

Safety and Alignment

Benchmark	Focus Area
ToxiGen	Implicit toxicity detection
BBQ	Social bias in question-answering
RealToxicityPrompts	Toxic content generation tendency
XSTest	Safety refusal calibration

How Evaluation Harnesses Work: Architecture

A typical evaluation harness follows this pipeline:

1. Task Definition

Each benchmark task is defined with:

Dataset: The evaluation data (prompts, expected answers)
Prompt template: How the data is formatted for the model
Metric: How responses are scored (exact match, F1, BLEU, human eval, etc.)
Few-shot examples: Optional in-context learning examples

2. Model Interface

The harness communicates with models through standardized interfaces:

Local models: Direct inference via HuggingFace, vLLM, or TensorRT
API models: HTTP requests to OpenAI, Anthropic, Google, or custom endpoints
Quantized models: Support for GGUF, GPTQ, AWQ, and other quantization formats

3. Inference Execution

The harness manages:

Batching: Grouping prompts for GPU-efficient processing
Token management: Tracking input/output token counts
Caching: Storing results to avoid redundant API calls
Error handling: Retrying failed requests with exponential backoff

4. Scoring and Aggregation

Results are computed using task-specific metrics:

Exact match: Binary correct/incorrect
F1 score: Precision-recall balance for extraction tasks
pass@k: Probability of generating at least one correct solution in k attempts (code tasks)
Elo rating: Comparative ranking from human preferences
Perplexity: How \"surprised\" the model is by the correct answer

5. Reporting

Results are formatted into structured outputs:

JSON files for programmatic analysis
Leaderboard-compatible formats
Visualization dashboards (e.g., Weights & Biases, MLflow)

Building a Custom Evaluation Harness

For organizations evaluating models on domain-specific tasks, building a custom harness is often necessary. Key considerations include:

Define Clear Success Criteria

Before writing any code, define:

What capabilities matter for your use case?
What constitutes acceptable performance?
What failure modes are most dangerous?

Design Representative Test Sets

According to Google's ML testing guidelines (\"ML Test Score\", Breck et al., 2017), effective evaluation datasets should:

Cover edge cases: Not just happy-path scenarios
Be adversarial: Include deliberately tricky inputs
Reflect production distribution: Match real-world data patterns
Be large enough: At minimum 100+ examples per task for statistical significance

Implement Multiple Metrics

No single metric captures model quality. A comprehensive harness should measure:

Task accuracy: Does it get the right answer?
Latency: How fast does it respond?
Cost: What is the inference cost per query?
Safety: Does it avoid harmful outputs?
Consistency: Does it give similar answers to paraphrased questions?

Example: Custom Harness in Python

import json from dataclasses import dataclass from typing import Callable @dataclass class EvalTask: name: str dataset: list[dict] prompt_template: Callable scorer: Callable few_shot_examples: list[dict] = None @dataclass class EvalResult: task_name: str accuracy: float total: int correct: int latency_p50_ms: float latency_p99_ms: float class EvaluationHarness: def __init__(self, model_client): self.model = model_client self.results = [] def run_task(self, task: EvalTask) -> EvalResult: correct = 0 latencies = [] for example in task.dataset: prompt = task.prompt_template( example, few_shot=task.few_shot_examples ) start = time.time() response = self.model.generate(prompt) latencies.append((time.time() - start) * 1000) if task.scorer(response, example[\"expected\"]): correct += 1 return EvalResult( task_name=task.name, accuracy=correct / len(task.dataset), total=len(task.dataset), correct=correct, latency_p50_ms=np.percentile(latencies, 50), latency_p99_ms=np.percentile(latencies, 99), )

Challenges in LLM Evaluation

Benchmark Contamination

One of the most serious threats to evaluation validity is data contamination — when benchmark data appears in the model's training set. A 2024 study by Sainz et al. (\"NLP Evaluation in Trouble\") found that multiple major benchmarks showed signs of contamination in popular LLMs, leading to inflated scores.

Mitigation strategies include:

Canary strings: Hidden tokens in benchmark data that can be detected in model outputs
Dynamic benchmarks: Regenerating test data periodically (e.g., LiveCodeBench)
Temporal filtering: Using only data created after the model's training cutoff
Membership inference: Testing whether the model has memorized specific examples

Goodhart's Law

As the economist Charles Goodhart observed: \"When a measure becomes a target, it ceases to be a good measure.\" This applies directly to AI benchmarks. When model developers optimize specifically for benchmark performance, models may improve on benchmarks without corresponding improvements in real-world utility.

The DORA (DevOps Research and Assessment) team at Google encountered a similar pattern in software engineering metrics and recommends using multiple, orthogonal measures rather than optimizing for any single metric (Forsgren, Humble & Kim, Accelerate, IT Revolution Press, 2018).

Evaluating Generative Quality

For open-ended generation tasks (creative writing, summarization, instruction following), automated metrics often fail to capture quality. Research by Liu et al. (2023, \"G-Eval\") showed that GPT-4 as an evaluator achieves 0.514 Spearman correlation with human judgments on summarization — better than any automated metric but still far from perfect.

Current approaches include:

LLM-as-Judge: Using a stronger model to evaluate a weaker model
Pairwise comparison: Asking which of two outputs is better (Chatbot Arena approach)
Rubric-based evaluation: Defining detailed scoring criteria for human or LLM judges
Constitutional AI evaluation: Testing against specific behavioral principles

The Future of Evaluation Harnesses

Agentic Evaluation

As AI models transition from single-turn Q&A to multi-step agentic tasks (browsing, coding, tool use), evaluation harnesses must evolve. Emerging benchmarks include:

SWE-bench: Evaluating models on real GitHub issues (code changes across entire repositories)
WebArena: Testing web browsing and navigation capabilities
GAIA: General AI Assistants benchmark for real-world tasks
AgentBench: Multi-turn interactive evaluation across diverse environments

Continuous Evaluation

Rather than one-time benchmarking, organizations are moving toward continuous evaluation — running harnesses on every model update, similar to CI/CD in software engineering. This approach detects regressions early and ensures consistent quality over time.

Multilingual and Cross-Cultural Evaluation

Most major benchmarks are English-centric. As LLMs serve global audiences, evaluation harnesses must expand to cover:

200+ languages: Not just translation quality but cultural appropriateness
Low-resource languages: Where benchmark data is scarce
Code-switching: Handling multiple languages within a single conversation

FAQ

What is the difference between a benchmark and an evaluation harness?

A benchmark is a specific dataset with defined tasks and metrics (e.g., MMLU, HumanEval). An evaluation harness is the software framework that runs models against multiple benchmarks, manages the testing infrastructure, and aggregates results. Think of benchmarks as individual tests and the harness as the test runner.

Which evaluation harness should I use?

For general LLM evaluation, lm-eval-harness (EleutherAI) is the most popular open-source option. For holistic multi-dimensional evaluation, HELM (Stanford) provides broader coverage. For conversational AI, OpenAI Evals is well-suited. For domain-specific needs, building a custom harness is often the best approach.

How many examples do I need for a reliable evaluation?

Statistical significance depends on the metric and desired confidence level. As a rule of thumb, at least 100 examples per task provide reasonable statistical power. For detecting small differences between models (e.g., 1-2% accuracy), you may need 1,000+ examples. The Central Limit Theorem suggests that accuracy estimates stabilize around n=30, but practical evaluations benefit from much larger sets.

Can evaluation harnesses detect hallucinations?

Partially. Benchmarks like TruthfulQA specifically test for factual accuracy and common misconceptions. However, detecting hallucinations in open-ended generation remains an active research problem. Current approaches include fact-checking against knowledge bases, citation verification, and using stronger LLMs as factual evaluators.

How often should I re-evaluate models?

For production systems, evaluate after every model update or fine-tuning run. For model selection, evaluate candidates against your specific use case before deployment. For tracking the state of the art, major organizations like Hugging Face maintain continuously updated leaderboards (the Open LLM Leaderboard updates weekly).

Are evaluation harnesses only for LLMs?

No. While this article focuses on LLM evaluation, the concept of evaluation harnesses applies broadly to all AI systems including computer vision models (ImageNet evaluation), speech recognition (LibriSpeech benchmark), recommender systems, and reinforcement learning agents. The architecture — standardized tasks, automated scoring, reproducible reporting — is universal.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["cs","da","de","es","fi","fr","it","ja","nl","no","pl","pt","sv"],"related":[{"title":"Cluster (GPU Cluster)","slug":"cluster---gpu","url":"/en/que-es/cluster---gpu","question":"What is a GPU Cluster?","content":"A GPU Cluster is a collection of graphics processing units (GPUs) networked..."},{"title":"Evals","slug":"evals","url":"/en/que-es/evals","question":"What are Evals in AI?","content":"Evals (Evaluations) are systematic tests and assessment frameworks designed..."},{"title":"Benchmark (AI)","slug":"benchmark---ai","url":"/en/que-es/benchmark---ai","question":"What is an AI Benchmark?","content":"An AI Benchmark is a standardized test, dataset, or evaluation methodology..."},{"title":"UAT","slug":"uat","url":"/en/que-es/uat","question":"What does UAT stand for?","content":"Acceptance testing is a quality assurance process that evaluates whether a..."},{"title":"Instruction-Following Model","slug":"instruction-following-model","url":"/en/que-es/instruction-following-model","question":"What is an Instruction-Following Model?","content":"An instruction-following model is an artificial intelligence system specifi..."}]},{"title":"Expedite","question":"What does expedite mean?","description":"These are high-priority work items that require immediate attention.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["kanban","urgency"],"published":true,"slug":"expedite","content":"

⏱️ Definition

In Kanban, expedite refers to work items that require immediate attention due to their urgency, often interrupting the normal flow of work.

🚀 Board

Teams can use an expedite lane in their Kanban Board to visually separate and prioritize urgent work items, allowing them to be worked on outside the regular process constraints.

📈 Impact

An excess of urgent items can negatively affect the team's delivery capacity.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Asana","slug":"asana","url":"/en/que-es/asana","question":"What is Asana?","content":"Asana is a project management software that helps teams organize, track, an..."},{"title":"Cost of Delay","slug":"cost-of-delay","url":"/en/que-es/cost-of-delay","question":"What is Cost of Delay?","content":"The Cost of Delay (CoD) represents the economic impact of a delay in the de..."},{"title":"CFD","slug":"cfd","url":"/en/que-es/cfd","question":"What is a CFD?","content":"A Cumulative Flow Diagram (CFD) is a visual tool used in Kanban to track th..."},{"title":"Downstream","slug":"downstream","url":"/en/que-es/downstream","question":"What is downstream?","content":"Refers to the activities from the receipt of a request to the completion of..."},{"title":"Agile Manifesto","slug":"agile-manifesto","url":"/en/que-es/agile-manifesto","question":"What is the Agile Manifesto?","content":"The Agile Manifesto is a document created on February 12, 2001, by 17 softw..."}]},{"title":"Explainability","question":"What is AI Explainability?","description":"The ability of AI systems to provide clear, understandable explanations for their decisions and reasoning processes.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["ai","ethics","transparency"],"published":true,"slug":"explainability","content":"

🤖 Definition

AI Explainability is the capability of artificial intelligence systems to provide clear, understandable explanations for their decisions, predictions, and reasoning processes in terms that humans can comprehend and evaluate.

🎯 Purpose

Explainability enables trust, accountability, and debugging in AI systems by allowing users to understand why specific decisions were made, identify potential biases, and verify that the AI is reasoning correctly.

⚙️ Function

Explainability works through various techniques including attention visualization, feature importance analysis, decision tree approximations, and natural language explanations that reveal the factors and logic behind AI outputs.

🌟 Example

A medical AI that diagnoses diseases not only provides the diagnosis but explains \"I identified pneumonia based on the cloudy patches in the lower left lung area, similar to patterns seen in 847 previous cases.\"

🔗 Related

Connected to Interpretable AI, Transparency, AI Ethics, Trust, Accountability, and Regulatory Compliance in AI systems.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["cs","da","ja","no"],"related":[{"title":"Alignment (AI)","slug":"alignment---ai","url":"/en/que-es/alignment---ai","question":"What is AI Alignment?","content":"AI Alignment is the challenge of ensuring that AI systems pursue goals and..."},{"title":"Feedback Loop","slug":"feedback-loop","url":"/en/que-es/feedback-loop","question":"What is a Feedback Loop in AI?","content":"A Feedback Loop in AI is a cyclic process where the system's outputs, user..."},{"title":"Copilot (AI)","slug":"copilot---ai","url":"/en/que-es/copilot---ai","question":"What is an AI Copilot?","content":"An AI Copilot is an artificial intelligence assistant designed to work alon..."},{"title":"Escape Hatch","slug":"escape-hatch","url":"/en/que-es/escape-hatch","question":"What is an Escape Hatch in AI?","content":"An Escape Hatch in AI is a safety mechanism that provides users or systems..."},{"title":"Human-in-the-Loop (HITL)","slug":"human-in-the-loop---hitl","url":"/en/que-es/human-in-the-loop---hitl","question":"What is Human-in-the-Loop?","content":"Human-in-the-Loop (HITL) is an AI approach that combines automated decision..."}]},{"title":"Extreme Programming - XP","question":"What is Extreme Programming?","description":"It is an agile software development framework that focuses on frequent feedback and continuous improvement.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["agile","downstream","kaizen","tdd"],"published":true,"slug":"extreme-programming---xp","content":"

🔍 Definition

Extreme Programming or XP is an agile software development framework that focuses on frequent feedback and continuous improvement, involving practices such as pair programming and collective code ownership.

📅 Origin

Extreme Programming (XP) was developed by Kent Beck, a promoter and signer of the Agile Manifesto, in the 1990s as a response to the challenges of software projects with tight deadlines. Beck introduced XP in his book \"Extreme Programming Explained: Embrace Change\" in 1999, an agile framework focused on continuous improvement, adaptability, and team collaboration.

📈 Quality

XP aims to deliver high-quality software through testing and simplicity.

🔍 Simplicity

XP advocates for the simplest solutions that work, avoiding unnecessary technical complexity.

💎 Courage

Encourages team members to take risks and make necessary changes without fear.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Kanban","slug":"kanban","url":"/en/que-es/kanban","question":"What is Kanban?","content":"Kanban is a lean method for managing and improving work flows in production..."},{"title":"Dual Track","slug":"dual-track","url":"/en/que-es/dual-track","question":"What is Dual Track?","content":"A project management approach that combines the iterative and flexible natu..."},{"title":"Downstream","slug":"downstream","url":"/en/que-es/downstream","question":"What is downstream?","content":"Refers to the activities from the receipt of a request to the completion of..."},{"title":"Gemba","slug":"gemba","url":"/en/que-es/gemba","question":"What is Gemba?","content":"Gemba is a Japanese term that refers to the 'real place' or the 'place wher..."},{"title":"Discovery","slug":"discovery","url":"/en/que-es/discovery","question":"What is Discovery?","content":"Discovery is the process of determining what product or service to build, f..."}]},{"title":"FDD","question":"What is FDD?","description":"FDD stands for Feature Driven Development.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["BDD","DDD","FDD","TDD","feature"],"published":true,"slug":"fdd---feature-driven-development","content":"

🔍 Definition

Feature Driven Development, or Development Guided by Features, is an agile software development approach that focuses on customer-valued features, emphasizing short iterations and frequent releases.

🎯 Key Principle

FDD requires the delivery of a feature every 2-10 days, ensuring that customer needs are continually met.

🔄 Iterative Process

FDD involves a series of five key processes, including creating the feature list, planning, design, and build, all within a customer-centered framework.

🛠️ Team Roles

FDD defines specific roles such as the Chief Architect, Chief Programmer, Domain Expert, Development Manager, Deployer Technical Writer, Domain Manager, Language Guru, Tester, and other support roles emphasizing individual and team responsibilities in feature development.

🔀 Differentiation from Scrum

FDD is feature-centered, whereas Scrum focuses on delivering a product increment.

📈 Customer Involvement

FDD requires active participation from the customer.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"DDD","slug":"ddd---domain-driven-design","url":"/en/que-es/ddd---domain-driven-design","question":"What is DDD?","content":"Domain-Driven Design (DDD) is a software development approach focused on cr..."},{"title":"Features","slug":"feature","url":"/en/que-es/feature","question":"What is a feature?","content":"A feature, or characteristic, is a portion of functionality that delivers v..."},{"title":"Three Amigos","slug":"three-amigos","url":"/en/que-es/three-amigos","question":"What does Three Amigos mean?","content":"\"Three Amigos\" is a collaborative practice in agile software development wh..."},{"title":"MMF","slug":"mmf---minimum-marketable-feature","url":"/en/que-es/mmf---minimum-marketable-feature","question":"What does MMF mean?","content":"Minimum Marketable Feature, or Característica Mínima Comercializable, is th..."},{"title":"TDD","slug":"tdd---test-driven-development","url":"/en/que-es/tdd---test-driven-development","question":"What is Test Driven Development (TDD)?","content":"Test-Driven Development (TDD) is a programming approach that emphasizes wri..."}]},{"title":"Features","question":"What is a feature?","description":"It is a distinctive portion of functionality that delivers value.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["FDD","agile","feature flag","mvp","product backlog","scrum"],"published":true,"slug":"feature","content":"

🔍 Definition

A feature, or characteristic, is a portion of functionality that delivers value to the user. It is a high-level requirement that can be broken down into smaller user stories.

📈 Importance

Features help to organize and prioritize development work, allowing teams to focus on delivering concrete functional value.

👨‍💼 Ownership

The Product Owner is typically responsible for defining, managing, and ordering features within the product backlog.

🔄 Relationship

Features are often composed of multiple user stories, which are the more granular units of work within agile development.

🚀 Release

The Product Owner is responsible for deciding which features to include in each release based on business value and customer needs.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Product Owner","slug":"product-owner","url":"/en/que-es/product-owner","question":"What is a Product Owner?","content":"The Product Owner (PO) is a key role in Scrum, responsible for maximizing t..."},{"title":"Burnup Chart","slug":"burnup-chart","url":"/en/que-es/burnup-chart","question":"What is a burnup chart?","content":"A burnup chart is a visual representation that shows the amount of work com..."},{"title":"Backlog","slug":"backlog","url":"/en/que-es/backlog","question":"What is a Backlog?","content":"A backlog is an ordered list of work for a development team that is derived..."},{"title":"Blockages","slug":"blockages","url":"/en/que-es/blockages","question":"What is a blockage?","content":"In frameworks like Scrum and Kanban, a 'blockage' refers to any obstacle th..."},{"title":"Self-Management","slug":"self-management","url":"/en/que-es/self-management","question":"What is Self-Management?","content":"In the context of Scrum, self-management refers to the concept of teams man..."}]},{"title":"Feature Flags","question":"What is a Feature Flag?","description":"It is a technique that allows enabling or disabling functionalities.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["A/B Testing","CD","CI","development"],"published":true,"slug":"feature-flag","content":"

🚩 Definition

Feature Flags, also known as Feature Toggles, are a technique that allows developers to enable or disable certain functionalities in a software application without changing the codebase.

🔧 Implementation

They can be implemented using boolean values in configuration files that are conditionally checked to determine whether a functionality should be visible and active or not.

🎯 Use Cases

They are used in Continuous Deployment (CD) approaches, Canary Releases, A/B Testing, and to manage the visibility of functionalities for different user segments.

💡 Benefits

Feature Flags allow for safer and more efficient development, enabling teams to deploy and test new features without impacting the entire user base.

📈 Growth

The use of Feature Flags has grown in popularity with the rise of Agile, DevOps, and continuous delivery practices in software development.

📝 Configuration

They can be defined using a service like Bullet Train or Launch Darkly, creating a custom backend service, or using local files within the application.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"DevOps","slug":"devops","url":"/en/que-es/devops","question":"What is DevOps?","content":"DevOps is a software development philosophy that focuses on communication,..."},{"title":"Blue / Green","slug":"blue-green","url":"/en/que-es/blue-green","question":"What is Blue / Green deployment?","content":"It is a software deployment method that involves maintaining two identical..."},{"title":"CI","slug":"ci","url":"/en/que-es/ci","question":"What does CI mean?","content":"Continuous Integration (CI) is a software development practice where develo..."},{"title":"CI/CD","slug":"ci-cd","url":"/en/que-es/ci-cd","question":"What are Continuous Integration (CI) and Continuous Deployment (CD)?","content":"CI involves the frequent integration of code changes into a shared reposito..."},{"title":"Delivery","slug":"delivery","url":"/en/que-es/delivery","question":"What is Delivery?","content":"Delivery refers to the delivery of software by a team..."}]},{"title":"Feedback","question":"What is feedback?","description":"Feedback is a response given to some stimulus as a way to evaluate it.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["communication","feedback"],"published":true,"slug":"feedback","content":"

🔊 Definition

Feedback is a response given to some stimulus as a way to evaluate it.

♻️ Relation to Agile

Agile promotes early feedback acquisition to use it as a competitive advantage through adaptation to change.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Narrative Flow","slug":"narrative-flow","url":"/en/que-es/narrative-flow","question":"What is Narrative Flow in agile?","content":"Narrative Flow is a facilitation technique used in agile environments where..."},{"title":"FYI","slug":"fyi","url":"/en/que-es/fyi","question":"What does FYI mean?","content":"For Your Information, or para tu información, is a common acronym used in b..."},{"title":"Framing","slug":"framing","url":"/en/que-es/framing","question":"What is Framing?","content":"Framing is a communication technique that involves presenting information w..."},{"title":"Beta","slug":"beta","url":"/en/que-es/beta","question":"What is a beta version?","content":"A beta version, also known as a preview, is a pre-release version of softwa..."},{"title":"Hype","slug":"hype","url":"/en/que-es/hype","question":"What is Hype?","content":"Hype refers to excessive or exaggerated excitement, often used in the conte..."}]},{"title":"Feedback Loop","question":"What is a Feedback Loop in AI?","description":"A process where AI systems use outputs or user responses to improve future performance and decision-making.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["ai","improvement","learning"],"published":true,"slug":"feedback-loop","content":"

🤖 Definition

A Feedback Loop in AI is a cyclic process where the system's outputs, user interactions, or performance results are fed back into the system to improve future decisions, responses, and overall performance through continuous learning.

🎯 Purpose

Feedback loops enable AI systems to continuously improve, adapt to user preferences, correct mistakes, and become more accurate and useful over time through iterative learning from real-world usage.

⚙️ Function

Feedback loops work by collecting data on AI outputs and their reception, analyzing this information to identify patterns and improvements, then updating the model's parameters, training data, or decision-making processes accordingly.

🌟 Example

A recommendation algorithm that learns from user clicks, likes, and purchases to improve future suggestions, or a chatbot that incorporates user corrections and feedback to provide better responses over time.

🔗 Related

Connected to Reinforcement Learning, Human Feedback, Continuous Learning, Model Updates, and Iterative Improvement processes.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["cs","da","ja","nl","no","pl","sv"],"related":[{"title":"Few-Shot Learning","slug":"few-shot-learning","url":"/en/que-es/few-shot-learning","question":"What is Few-Shot Learning?","content":"Few-Shot Learning is a machine learning approach where AI models can learn..."},{"title":"Automation (AI)","slug":"automation---ai","url":"/en/que-es/automation---ai","question":"What is AI-powered Automation?","content":"AI-powered Automation is the use of artificial intelligence to automaticall..."},{"title":"Context Window","slug":"context-window","url":"/en/que-es/context-window","question":"What is a Context Window?","content":"A Context Window is the maximum amount of text, tokens, or information that..."},{"title":"Ambient AI","slug":"ambient-ai","url":"/en/que-es/ambient-ai","question":"What is Ambient AI?","content":"Ambient AI refers to artificial intelligence that operates seamlessly in th..."},{"title":"Computer Use","slug":"computer-use","url":"/en/que-es/computer-use","question":"What is Computer Use in AI?","content":"Computer Use in AI refers to the capability of artificial intelligence syst..."}]},{"title":"Few-Shot Learning","question":"What is Few-Shot Learning?","description":"An AI approach where models learn to perform new tasks using only a small number of training examples.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["ai","efficiency","learning"],"published":true,"slug":"few-shot-learning","content":"

🤖 Definition

Few-Shot Learning is a machine learning approach where AI models can learn to perform new tasks or recognize new patterns using only a small number of training examples, typically between 2-10 examples per category or task.

🎯 Purpose

Few-shot learning enables AI systems to quickly adapt to new domains or tasks without requiring large datasets, making AI more flexible and practical for real-world applications where data may be scarce.

⚙️ Function

Few-shot learning works by leveraging pre-existing knowledge and patterns learned from previous tasks, using techniques like meta-learning, transfer learning, and contextual learning to generalize from minimal examples.

🌟 Example

A language model shown 3 examples of translating English to a rare language can then translate new English sentences to that language, despite having minimal training data for that specific language pair.

🔗 Related

Connected to Transfer Learning, Meta-Learning, Zero-Shot Learning, One-Shot Learning, and Prompt Engineering techniques.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["cs","da","de","es","fi","fr","it","ja","nl","no","pl","pt","sv"],"related":[{"title":"Feedback Loop","slug":"feedback-loop","url":"/en/que-es/feedback-loop","question":"What is a Feedback Loop in AI?","content":"A Feedback Loop in AI is a cyclic process where the system's outputs, user..."},{"title":"Benchmark (AI)","slug":"benchmark---ai","url":"/en/que-es/benchmark---ai","question":"What is an AI Benchmark?","content":"An AI Benchmark is a standardized test, dataset, or evaluation methodology..."},{"title":"Evals","slug":"evals","url":"/en/que-es/evals","question":"What are Evals in AI?","content":"Evals (Evaluations) are systematic tests and assessment frameworks designed..."},{"title":"Guardrails","slug":"guardrails","url":"/en/que-es/guardrails","question":"What are AI Guardrails?","content":"AI Guardrails are safety mechanisms, constraints, and filtering systems des..."},{"title":"GPT","slug":"gpt","url":"/en/que-es/gpt","question":"What is GPT?","content":"GPT (Generative Pre-trained Transformer) is a type of large language model..."}]},{"title":"Fibonacci Sequence","question":"What is the Fibonacci Sequence?","description":"It is an infinite series of natural numbers.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["complexity","effort","estimation","planning poker"],"published":true,"slug":"fibonacci","content":"

🔢 Definition

The Fibonacci Sequence is an infinite series of natural numbers where each term is the sum of the two preceding ones, starting with 0 and 1 or 1 and 1.

🌿 Design in Nature

The sequence is observed in natural phenomena such as the spiral patterns of shells and the arrangement of leaves on plants.

🎯 Agile Estimation

The Fibonacci Sequence is commonly used in agile techniques for estimating effort and complexity, such as planning poker.

🧮 Example

0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89...

💻 Applications

It has practical applications in fields like computing, game theory, and is used as a tool in the analysis of financial markets.

📏 Golden Ratio

The ratio of consecutive Fibonacci numbers approximates the Golden Ratio, a mathematical concept often associated with aesthetic beauty.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Planning Poker","slug":"planning-poker","url":"/en/que-es/planning-poker","question":"What is Planning Poker?","content":"Planning Poker is a technique used in Agile teams to estimate the effort re..."},{"title":"T-Shirt Sizing","slug":"t-shirt","url":"/en/que-es/t-shirt","question":"What is T-Shirt Sizing?","content":"T-Shirt Sizing is an estimation technique that uses t-shirt sizes (XS, S, M..."},{"title":"Blockages","slug":"blockages","url":"/en/que-es/blockages","question":"What is a blockage?","content":"In frameworks like Scrum and Kanban, a 'blockage' refers to any obstacle th..."},{"title":"Ambient AI","slug":"ambient-ai","url":"/en/que-es/ambient-ai","question":"What is Ambient AI?","content":"Ambient AI refers to artificial intelligence that operates seamlessly in th..."},{"title":"AI (Artificial Intelligence)","slug":"ai---artificial-intelligence","url":"/en/que-es/ai---artificial-intelligence","question":"What is AI?","content":"AI, or Artificial Intelligence, is the broad field of creating systems that..."}]},{"title":"Figma","question":"What is Figma?","description":"It is a graphic design and prototyping tool.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["UI","UX","collaboration","design"],"published":true,"slug":"figma","content":"

🎨 Design Tool

Figma is a graphic design and prototyping tool widely used in the design and development of user interfaces (UI).

🤝 Collaboration

Figma allows for real-time collaborative work, enabling team members to work together.

💻 Usability

Known for its intuitive and user-friendly interface, Figma is popular among UX/UI designers and design agencies for creating prototypes and mockups.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Mockups","slug":"mockup","url":"/en/que-es/mockup","question":"What is a mockup?","content":"A mockup is a static representation of a product, often used in product des..."},{"title":"Wireframes","slug":"wireframe","url":"/en/que-es/wireframe","question":"What is a wireframe?","content":"A wireframe is a visual representation, usually in grayscale, that outlines..."},{"title":"UX","slug":"ux---user-experience","url":"/en/que-es/ux---user-experience","question":"What does UX stand for?","content":"UX, or User Experience, is a strategy focused on providing the best possibl..."},{"title":"UI","slug":"ui---user-interface","url":"/en/que-es/ui---user-interface","question":"What does UI stand for?","content":"UI (User Interface) refers to the visual and interactive layer of a digital..."},{"title":"Pair Programming","slug":"pair-programming","url":"/en/que-es/pair-programming","question":"What is Pair Programming?","content":"Pair Programming is a software development technique where two programmers..."}]},{"title":"FOMO","question":"What is FOMO?","description":"It stands for Fear of Missing Out.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["innovation","product","psychology"],"published":true,"slug":"fomo","content":"

🔍 Definition

'FOMO' stands for 'Fear of Missing Out' and is a psychological condition characterized by a constant desire to stay connected with what others are doing, particularly through social media.

😟 Consequences

The condition can lead to anxiety, depression, and sleep disorders as individuals feel compelled to constantly check for updates and interactions.

📚 Origin

The term 'FOMO' was first used in the late 90s and originally referred to the fear of missing out on social plans.

🌐 Evolution

With the rise of social media and digital connectivity, FOMO has evolved into a broader anxiety related to feeling left out of experiences others are having.

👥 Social Connection

FOMO is now understood as a form of social anxiety, where individuals seek constant connection to avoid feeling excluded.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Discovery","slug":"discovery","url":"/en/que-es/discovery","question":"What is Discovery?","content":"Discovery is the process of determining what product or service to build, f..."},{"title":"Framing","slug":"framing","url":"/en/que-es/framing","question":"What is Framing?","content":"Framing is a communication technique that involves presenting information w..."},{"title":"Anthropomorphization","slug":"anthropomorphization","url":"/en/que-es/anthropomorphization","question":"What is Anthropomorphization in AI?","content":"Anthropomorphization in AI is the human tendency to attribute human charact..."},{"title":"MVP","slug":"mvp---minimum-viable-product","url":"/en/que-es/mvp---minimum-viable-product","question":"What does MVP mean?","content":"A Minimum Viable Product (MVP) is a version of a product with the minimum n..."},{"title":"A/B Testing","slug":"test-a-b","url":"/en/que-es/test-a-b","question":"What are A/B Tests?","content":"A/B tests, also known as A/B split tests, are a method for comparing two ve..."}]},{"title":"Forecast","question":"What is a Forecast?","description":"It is the estimation and tracking of future sales.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["forecast","metrics","predictability"],"published":true,"slug":"forecast","content":"

📈 Definition

A Forecast is the estimation and tracking of future sales of a product, typically using historical sales data and inputs from sales and marketing teams.

🔍 Purpose

To predict short and medium-term sales, detect problems early, find solutions quickly, reduce inventory, and improve customer service.

📊 Methods

Forecasting can be done using both quantitative and qualitative data.

📊 Quantitative Data

Uses historical sales data as a basis for predicting future sales, but does not guarantee future performance.

🧮 Qualitative Data

Relies on subjective assessments within the company, such as from sales and marketing teams, to inform the forecast.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Burnup Chart","slug":"burnup-chart","url":"/en/que-es/burnup-chart","question":"What is a burnup chart?","content":"A burnup chart is a visual representation that shows the amount of work com..."},{"title":"SLA","slug":"sla","url":"/en/que-es/sla","question":"What does SLA mean?","content":"Service Level Agreement, or SLA, is a contract between a service provider a..."},{"title":"Cycle Time","slug":"cycle-time","url":"/en/que-es/cycle-time","question":"What is Cycle Time?","content":"Cycle time refers to the time it takes for an item to go through the produc..."},{"title":"DORA Metrics","slug":"dora-metrics","url":"/en/que-es/dora-metrics","question":"What are DORA Metrics?","content":"DORA stands for DevOps Research and Assessment, a research group at Google..."},{"title":"Scrum","slug":"scrum","url":"/en/que-es/scrum","question":"What is Scrum?","content":"Scrum is an Agile framework designed to develop adaptive solutions to compl..."}]},{"title":"Framework","question":"What is a framework?","description":"It is a system of rules, ideas, or beliefs used for planning, agreeing, or deciding something.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["agreements","scrum","shared understanding","team"],"published":true,"slug":"framework","content":"

🏗️ Meaning

A Framework, or work frame, is a supporting structure around which something can be built, or a system of rules, ideas, or beliefs used for planning or deciding something.

💻 Context

In computer systems, a framework is an actual or conceptual structure intended to serve as a support or guide for the construction of software applications.

📚 Conceptual Structure

A framework can be a basic conceptual structure of ideas or a set of rules used for planning.

📝 Examples

Scrum is an Agile framework and Laravel is a framework for the PHP programming language.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Product Goal","slug":"product-goal","url":"/en/que-es/product-goal","question":"What is the Product Goal?","content":"The Product Goal, also known as the Product Objective, is a long-term objec..."},{"title":"Developers","slug":"developer","url":"/en/que-es/developer","question":"What is a Developer?","content":"A Developer, also known as a software developer, is an expert in writing co..."},{"title":"Burndown Chart","slug":"burndown-chart","url":"/en/que-es/burndown-chart","question":"What is a burndown chart?","content":"A burndown chart is a visual representation that shows the amount of work r..."},{"title":"Artifact","slug":"artifact","url":"/en/que-es/artifact","question":"What is an Artifact in Scrum?","content":"In the context of Scrum, an artifact is an element of the development proce..."},{"title":"DoD - Definition of Done","slug":"dod-definition-of-done","url":"/en/que-es/dod-definition-of-done","question":"What is the Definition of Done?","content":"The Definition of Done, DoD, is a set of criteria that determines when a us..."}]},{"title":"Framing","question":"What is Framing?","description":"A technique of presenting information that influences how people perceive and understand a message.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["communication","marketing","psychology","ui","user-experience","ux"],"published":true,"slug":"framing","content":"

🔍 Definition

Framing is a communication technique that involves presenting information within a specific context to influence how the receiver perceives and understands the message. The focus, words, and visual design used in the presentation can significantly shape how people interpret an idea or make decisions.

🚀 Origin

The concept of framing originates from cognitive psychology and decision theory, developed by Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman in their research on how people respond differently to the same problem depending on how it is presented.

🤝 Common Examples

A classic example is how media report health statistics. Saying a treatment has a \"90% success rate\" generates a more positive perception than stating it has a \"10% failure rate,\" even though both messages convey the same information. In UX, a button can be framed with phrases like \"Start now and save!\" to create a sense of urgency and benefit.

📈 Practical Applications

Framing has numerous applications, from enhancing marketing strategies to optimizing user interfaces. In advertising, products can be presented by highlighting benefits for the consumer, while in UX, it is used to emphasize key features or guide users toward specific actions.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["es","fr","ko"],"related":[{"title":"Banner Blindness","slug":"banner-blindness","url":"/en/que-es/banner-blindness","question":"What is Banner Blindness?","content":"Banner Blindness is a psychological and behavioral phenomenon observed in i..."},{"title":"A/B Testing","slug":"test-a-b","url":"/en/que-es/test-a-b","question":"What are A/B Tests?","content":"A/B tests, also known as A/B split tests, are a method for comparing two ve..."},{"title":"Anthropomorphization","slug":"anthropomorphization","url":"/en/que-es/anthropomorphization","question":"What is Anthropomorphization in AI?","content":"Anthropomorphization in AI is the human tendency to attribute human charact..."},{"title":"Customer Centricity","slug":"customer-centricity","url":"/en/que-es/customer-centricity","question":"What does Customer Centricity mean?","content":"Customer Centricity is a business strategy that prioritizes placing the cus..."},{"title":"AX (Agentic Experience)","slug":"ax---agentic-experience","url":"/en/que-es/ax---agentic-experience","question":"What is AX?","content":"AX (Agentic Experience) is an extension of UX for the AI Age, focusing on t..."}]},{"title":"FYI","question":"What does FYI mean?","description":"It stands for For Your Information.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["acronyms","communication"],"published":true,"slug":"fyi","content":"

📝 FYI

For Your Information, or para tu información, is a common acronym used in both professional and informal communications to signal information that is relevant to the recipient.

🗨️ Use

It is often used to prefix a message or subject line to indicate that the content is provided for the recipient's knowledge.

📧 Email

In email communication, FYI is often included in the subject line or body of the email to indicate that the content is informative and does not require a response.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Narrative Flow","slug":"narrative-flow","url":"/en/que-es/narrative-flow","question":"What is Narrative Flow in agile?","content":"Narrative Flow is a facilitation technique used in agile environments where..."},{"title":"Feedback","slug":"feedback","url":"/en/que-es/feedback","question":"What is feedback?","content":"Feedback is a response given to some stimulus as a way to evaluate it..."},{"title":"Framing","slug":"framing","url":"/en/que-es/framing","question":"What is Framing?","content":"Framing is a communication technique that involves presenting information w..."},{"title":"Asana","slug":"asana","url":"/en/que-es/asana","question":"What is Asana?","content":"Asana is a project management software that helps teams organize, track, an..."},{"title":"Alignment","slug":"alignment","url":"/en/que-es/alignment","question":"What is organizational alignment with objectives?","content":"Organizational alignment with objectives refers to the coordination of goal..."}]},{"title":"Gemba","question":"What is Gemba?","description":"It's a Japanese term that refers to the 'real place' or the 'place where action happens'.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["gemba","kaizen","lean"],"published":true,"slug":"gemba","content":"

🏭 Definition

Gemba is a Japanese term that refers to the 'real place' or the 'place where action happens' in a business context.

💼 Application

In business, Gemba is where value is created, such as where the operators are in a factory or the sales area in a retail environment.

🔄 Lean Management

Within Lean Management, Gemba is the focus of continuous improvement efforts, with the belief that problems are best understood and solved at the place where they occur.

📈 Connection to Kaizen

Gemba is closely related to the concept of Kaizen, which is the philosophy of continuous improvement.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Waste","slug":"waste","url":"/en/que-es/waste","question":"What does waste mean?","content":"In Lean management, waste refers to any activity that consumes resources bu..."},{"title":"Kaizen","slug":"kaizen","url":"/en/que-es/kaizen","question":"What is Kaizen?","content":"Kaizen is a Japanese term that translates as \"good change\" or \"improvement\"..."},{"title":"Kanban","slug":"kanban","url":"/en/que-es/kanban","question":"What is Kanban?","content":"Kanban is a lean method for managing and improving work flows in production..."},{"title":"Pull System","slug":"pull","url":"/en/que-es/pull","question":"What is the Pull system?","content":"In Kanban, a Pull system is one where work is only initiated when there is..."},{"title":"Muda","slug":"muda","url":"/en/que-es/muda","question":"What is Muda?","content":"Muda is a Japanese term that translates as waste and refers to any activity..."}]},{"title":"Generative AI","question":"What is Generative AI?","description":"AI systems that create new content like text, images, code, or audio based on patterns learned from training data.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["ai","content","creativity"],"published":true,"slug":"generative-ai","content":"

🤖 Definition

Generative AI refers to artificial intelligence systems that create new, original content such as text, images, code, audio, or video by learning patterns from existing data and generating novel combinations and variations.

🎯 Purpose

Generative AI aims to augment human creativity and productivity by automating content creation, enabling rapid prototyping, and providing intelligent assistance for various creative and technical tasks.

⚙️ Function

Generative AI works by training on large datasets to understand patterns, structures, and relationships, then using this knowledge to generate new content that follows similar patterns while being original and contextually appropriate.

🌟 Example

ChatGPT generates human-like text responses, DALL-E creates images from text descriptions, GitHub Copilot generates code from comments, and tools like Midjourney produce artistic images from prompts.

🔗 Related

Connected to Large Language Models, Diffusion Models, Content Creation, AI Art, Synthetic Media, and Creative AI applications.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["cs","da","de","fr","it","ja","no","pt"],"related":[{"title":"Automation (AI)","slug":"automation---ai","url":"/en/que-es/automation---ai","question":"What is AI-powered Automation?","content":"AI-powered Automation is the use of artificial intelligence to automaticall..."},{"title":"GPT","slug":"gpt","url":"/en/que-es/gpt","question":"What is GPT?","content":"GPT (Generative Pre-trained Transformer) is a type of large language model..."},{"title":"Vibe Coding","slug":"vibe-coding","url":"/en/que-es/vibe-coding","question":"What is Vibe Coding?","content":"Vibe Coding is a programming approach coined by Andrej Karpathy in 2025, wh..."},{"title":"Inference","slug":"inference","url":"/en/que-es/inference","question":"What is AI Inference?","content":"AI Inference is the process of using a trained machine learning model to ma..."},{"title":"Machine Learning (ML)","slug":"machine-learning---ml","url":"/en/que-es/machine-learning---ml","question":"What is Machine Learning?","content":"Machine Learning (ML) is the broader field of training algorithms to improv..."}]},{"title":"Generative UI","question":"What is Generative UI?","description":"AI-powered interfaces that dynamically create and adapt user interface elements based on context and user needs.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["ai","design","ui"],"published":true,"slug":"generative-ui","content":"

🤖 Definition

Generative UI refers to user interfaces that are dynamically created, modified, or adapted by AI systems based on context, user behavior, content, and specific needs, rather than using static, pre-designed interface elements.

🎯 Purpose

Generative UI aims to create more personalized, efficient, and adaptive user experiences by tailoring interface elements in real-time to match user intent, available content, and contextual requirements.

⚙️ Function

Generative UI works by analyzing user context, available data, and interaction patterns to programmatically generate appropriate interface components, layouts, and interactions that best serve the current situation.

🌟 Example

An AI assistant that generates custom forms based on user requests, creates data visualizations tailored to specific datasets, or dynamically builds dashboard layouts optimized for different user roles and tasks.

🔗 Related

Connected to Adaptive Interfaces, AI-Assisted Design, Dynamic Content, Personalization, and Context-Aware Computing.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["cs","da","de","es","fr","it","ja","no","pt"],"related":[{"title":"Generative AI","slug":"generative-ai","url":"/en/que-es/generative-ai","question":"What is Generative AI?","content":"Generative AI refers to artificial intelligence systems that create new, or..."},{"title":"Deterministic (AI)","slug":"deterministic","url":"/en/que-es/deterministic","question":"What does Deterministic mean in AI?","content":"Deterministic in AI refers to systems that produce exactly the same output..."},{"title":"Grounding","slug":"grounding","url":"/en/que-es/grounding","question":"What is Grounding in AI?","content":"Grounding in AI refers to the process of connecting AI-generated responses..."},{"title":"Human-in-the-Loop (HITL)","slug":"human-in-the-loop---hitl","url":"/en/que-es/human-in-the-loop---hitl","question":"What is Human-in-the-Loop?","content":"Human-in-the-Loop (HITL) is an AI approach that combines automated decision..."},{"title":"Embeddings","slug":"embeddings","url":"/en/que-es/embeddings","question":"What are Embeddings in AI?","content":"Embeddings are dense numerical vector representations that capture the sema..."}]},{"title":"Gherkin","question":"What is Gherkin?","description":"Gherkin is a language used to specify the behavior of software systems in a way that is easy to understand for non-technical stakeholders.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["behavior-driven development (BDD)","gherkin","test automation"],"published":true,"slug":"gherking---given-when-then","content":"

📝 Definition of Gherkin

Gherkin is a language used to specify the behavior of software systems in a way that is easy to understand for non-technical stakeholders.

🧪 Testing Method

It is particularly associated with Behavior-Driven Development (BDD) and is used to design test cases.

➡️ Syntax

Gherkin has a specific syntax with keywords like Feature, Scenario, Given, When, and Then, which are used to structure test descriptions.

🔄 Automation

Gherkin is often used in conjunction with tools like Cucumber for test automation.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"BDD","slug":"bdd","url":"/en/que-es/bdd","question":"What is BDD?","content":"Behavior Driven Development (BDD) is a software development process that ai..."},{"title":"Scrum Master","slug":"scrum-master","url":"/en/que-es/scrum-master","question":"What is a Scrum Master?","content":"The Scrum Master is one of the three key roles in the Scrum framework, resp..."},{"title":"Context Window","slug":"context-window","url":"/en/que-es/context-window","question":"What is a Context Window?","content":"A Context Window is the maximum amount of text, tokens, or information that..."},{"title":"CI","slug":"ci","url":"/en/que-es/ci","question":"What does CI mean?","content":"Continuous Integration (CI) is a software development practice where develo..."},{"title":"Impact Map","slug":"impact-mapping","url":"/en/que-es/impact-mapping","question":"What is Impact Mapping?","content":"Impact Mapping is a visual technique used to help teams focus on the goals..."}]},{"title":"Git","question":"What is Git?","description":"It is a distributed version control system.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["ALM","development","git"],"published":true,"slug":"git","content":"

🔄 Definition

Git is a distributed version control system that allows for efficient tracking of changes in files, particularly in software development.

🔗 Repository

Each developer's local copy of a project is a complete repository, allowing for offline work and facilitating remote collaboration.

🔀 Merging

Git provides tools for merging different branches, resolving conflicts, and maintaining a clean repository history.

🌐 Flexibility

Git's design supports non-linear development, with powerful branching and merging capabilities.

🔒 Data Integrity

Git uses cryptographic hashes to ensure the integrity of the stored data, making it difficult to alter or lose information.

📈 Popularity

Git has become the global standard for version control, widely used in both open source and commercial software projects.

📝 Commits

Git creates a snapshot of all files with each save, called a commit, forming a graph of the development history.

🌿 Branches

Developers can work on separate branches and then merge their work back into the project's main branch.

🔍 Revert

It is possible to revert code to a previous commit, inspect changes in files, and review information like when and where changes were made.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"CI","slug":"ci","url":"/en/que-es/ci","question":"What does CI mean?","content":"Continuous Integration (CI) is a software development practice where develo..."},{"title":"ALM","slug":"alm","url":"/en/que-es/alm","question":"What does ALM stand for?","content":"ALM, or Application Lifecycle Management, refers to the process of managing..."},{"title":"GitHub","slug":"github","url":"/en/que-es/github","question":"What is GitHub?","content":"GitHub is a platform for developers to host and manage their code, offering..."},{"title":"Delivery","slug":"delivery","url":"/en/que-es/delivery","question":"What is Delivery?","content":"Delivery refers to the delivery of software by a team..."},{"title":"Beta","slug":"beta","url":"/en/que-es/beta","question":"What is a beta version?","content":"A beta version, also known as a preview, is a pre-release version of softwa..."}]},{"title":"GitFlow","question":"What does GitFlow mean?","description":"It is a branching model for Git.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["branches","git","gitflow"],"published":true,"slug":"gitflow","content":"

🔄 GitFlow

GitFlow is a branching model for Git that assists in managing project branches and releases.

🚀 Origin

GitFlow was developed by Vincent Driessen and has become a widely adopted workflow for software development.

🔗 Branch Organization

Branches are organized into main (e.g., 'main') and development (e.g., 'develop') branches, along with feature branches, release branches, and hotfixes.

🔄 Initial Proposal

Initially proposed as a branching model, GitFlow has evolved into a supported tool with specific commands.

📜 Refinement and Adaptation

Over time, GitFlow has been refined and adapted by development teams to meet their specific needs and workflows.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"GitHub","slug":"github","url":"/en/que-es/github","question":"What is GitHub?","content":"GitHub is a platform for developers to host and manage their code, offering..."},{"title":"Git","slug":"git","url":"/en/que-es/git","question":"What is Git?","content":"Git is a distributed version control system that allows for efficient track..."},{"title":"Beta","slug":"beta","url":"/en/que-es/beta","question":"What is a beta version?","content":"A beta version, also known as a preview, is a pre-release version of softwa..."},{"title":"LeSS","slug":"less-large-scale-scrum","url":"/en/que-es/less-large-scale-scrum","question":"What does LeSS mean?","content":"Large Scale Scrum (LeSS) is a framework for scaling the Scrum framework to..."},{"title":"Capex","slug":"capex","url":"/en/que-es/capex","question":"What does Capex mean?","content":"Capex (Capital Expenditure) refers to the funds that a company invests in t..."}]},{"title":"GitHub","question":"What is GitHub?","description":"It is a platform for hosting and managing code.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["collaboration","development","git","gitflow","github","version control"],"published":true,"slug":"github","content":"

🖥️ Definition

GitHub is a platform for developers to host and manage their code, offering both public and private repositories.

🤝 Collaboration

It provides tools for collaborative development, allowing multiple users to work on the same codebase.

🔍 Version Control

GitHub uses Git, a version control system, to track changes in code and manage different versions of the project.

💻 Services

GitHub offers additional services like issue tracking, code review, and software management tools.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Pull Request (PR)","slug":"pull-request-pr","url":"/en/que-es/pull-request-pr","question":"What is a Pull Request (PR)?","content":"A Pull Request (PR) — also called a Merge Request (MR) in GitLab — is a for..."},{"title":"Pair Programming","slug":"pair-programming","url":"/en/que-es/pair-programming","question":"What is Pair Programming?","content":"Pair Programming is a software development technique where two programmers..."},{"title":"Mob Programming","slug":"mob-programming","url":"/en/que-es/mob-programming","question":"What is mob programming?","content":"Mob Programming is a software development approach where a group of program..."},{"title":"Three Amigos","slug":"three-amigos","url":"/en/que-es/three-amigos","question":"What does Three Amigos mean?","content":"\"Three Amigos\" is a collaborative practice in agile software development wh..."},{"title":"GitFlow","slug":"gitflow","url":"/en/que-es/gitflow","question":"What does GitFlow mean?","content":"GitFlow is a branching model for Git that assists in managing project branc..."}]},{"title":"GPT","question":"What is GPT?","description":"Generative Pre-trained Transformer, a type of large language model architecture that generates human-like text.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["ai","architecture","nlp"],"published":true,"slug":"gpt","content":"

🤖 Definition

GPT (Generative Pre-trained Transformer) is a type of large language model architecture based on the transformer neural network design, trained to generate human-like text by predicting the next word in sequences.

🎯 Purpose

GPT models aim to understand and generate natural language at scale, enabling applications like conversational AI, content creation, code generation, and various text-processing tasks with human-level fluency.

⚙️ Function

GPT works by training on massive text datasets to learn language patterns, then using attention mechanisms to understand context and generate coherent, contextually appropriate responses to prompts and questions.

🌟 Example

ChatGPT (based on GPT architecture) can engage in conversations, write articles, explain complex topics, generate code, and perform various language tasks by understanding context and generating appropriate responses.

🔗 Related

Connected to Transformers, Large Language Models, Natural Language Generation, OpenAI, and Language Model architectures.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","sv","th","tr"],"related":[{"title":"Large Language Model (LLM)","slug":"large-language-model---llm","url":"/en/que-es/large-language-model---llm","question":"What is a Large Language Model?","content":"A Large Language Model (LLM) is an AI model trained on vast text data to un..."},{"title":"RAG (Retrieval-Augmented Generation)","slug":"rag","url":"/en/que-es/rag","question":"What is RAG?","content":"RAG, or Retrieval-Augmented Generation, is a technique that enhances the ou..."},{"title":"Instruction-Following Model","slug":"instruction-following-model","url":"/en/que-es/instruction-following-model","question":"What is an Instruction-Following Model?","content":"An instruction-following model is an artificial intelligence system specifi..."},{"title":"Grounding","slug":"grounding","url":"/en/que-es/grounding","question":"What is Grounding in AI?","content":"Grounding in AI refers to the process of connecting AI-generated responses..."},{"title":"Deterministic (AI)","slug":"deterministic","url":"/en/que-es/deterministic","question":"What does Deterministic mean in AI?","content":"Deterministic in AI refers to systems that produce exactly the same output..."}]},{"title":"Ground Truth","question":"What is Ground Truth in AI?","description":"The accurate, verified, or correct answer that serves as the benchmark for training and evaluating AI models.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["ai","data","evaluation"],"published":true,"slug":"ground-truth","content":"

🤖 Definition

Ground Truth in AI refers to the accurate, verified, or objectively correct information that serves as the reference standard for training machine learning models and evaluating their performance against known correct answers.

🎯 Purpose

Ground truth provides the foundation for supervised learning by giving AI systems correct examples to learn from, and serves as the benchmark for measuring how well models perform on tasks.

⚙️ Function

Ground truth works by providing labeled datasets where the correct answers are known and verified, allowing models to learn patterns and enabling objective evaluation of predictions against these established correct values.

🌟 Example

In medical imaging AI, ground truth might be expert radiologist diagnoses verified by biopsy results, used to train models to detect cancer and measure their diagnostic accuracy.

🔗 Related

Connected to Training Data, Supervised Learning, Model Evaluation, Data Labeling, Accuracy Metrics, and Quality Assurance processes.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["cs","da","de","es","fi","fr","it","ja","nl","no","pl","pt","sv"],"related":[{"title":"Machine Learning (ML)","slug":"machine-learning---ml","url":"/en/que-es/machine-learning---ml","question":"What is Machine Learning?","content":"Machine Learning (ML) is the broader field of training algorithms to improv..."},{"title":"Benchmark (AI)","slug":"benchmark---ai","url":"/en/que-es/benchmark---ai","question":"What is an AI Benchmark?","content":"An AI Benchmark is a standardized test, dataset, or evaluation methodology..."},{"title":"Embeddings","slug":"embeddings","url":"/en/que-es/embeddings","question":"What are Embeddings in AI?","content":"Embeddings are dense numerical vector representations that capture the sema..."},{"title":"Evals","slug":"evals","url":"/en/que-es/evals","question":"What are Evals in AI?","content":"Evals (Evaluations) are systematic tests and assessment frameworks designed..."},{"title":"Few-Shot Learning","slug":"few-shot-learning","url":"/en/que-es/few-shot-learning","question":"What is Few-Shot Learning?","content":"Few-Shot Learning is a machine learning approach where AI models can learn..."}]},{"title":"Grounding","question":"What is Grounding in AI?","description":"Connecting AI-generated content to factual sources and real-world knowledge to reduce hallucinations and improve accuracy.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["accuracy","ai","reliability"],"published":true,"slug":"grounding","content":"

🤖 Definition

Grounding in AI refers to the process of connecting AI-generated responses to factual sources, real-world knowledge, or verified information to ensure accuracy and reduce the likelihood of hallucinations or fabricated content.

🎯 Purpose

Grounding aims to improve AI reliability by anchoring responses in verifiable facts, citations, and authoritative sources, making AI outputs more trustworthy and accountable for factual claims.

⚙️ Function

Grounding works by integrating retrieval systems, knowledge bases, or real-time data sources that AI models can reference when generating responses, ensuring claims are backed by credible information.

🌟 Example

A grounded AI assistant that answers questions about historical events by citing specific sources, dates, and references, rather than generating plausible-sounding but potentially inaccurate information.

🔗 Related

Connected to RAG (Retrieval-Augmented Generation), Knowledge Graphs, Fact-Checking, Citation Systems, and AI Reliability measures.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["cs","da","fi","ja","nl","no","pl","sv"],"related":[{"title":"Deterministic (AI)","slug":"deterministic","url":"/en/que-es/deterministic","question":"What does Deterministic mean in AI?","content":"Deterministic in AI refers to systems that produce exactly the same output..."},{"title":"Hallucination","slug":"hallucination","url":"/en/que-es/hallucination","question":"What is AI Hallucination?","content":"AI Hallucination occurs when artificial intelligence systems generate infor..."},{"title":"Evaluation Harness","slug":"evaluation-harness","url":"/en/que-es/evaluation-harness","question":"What is an Evaluation Harness?","content":"An evaluation harness is a standardized software framework designed to syst..."},{"title":"Evals","slug":"evals","url":"/en/que-es/evals","question":"What are Evals in AI?","content":"Evals (Evaluations) are systematic tests and assessment frameworks designed..."},{"title":"Embeddings","slug":"embeddings","url":"/en/que-es/embeddings","question":"What are Embeddings in AI?","content":"Embeddings are dense numerical vector representations that capture the sema..."}]},{"title":"Guardrails","question":"What are AI Guardrails?","description":"Safety mechanisms and constraints that prevent AI systems from generating harmful, inappropriate, or unwanted outputs.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["ai","control","safety"],"published":true,"slug":"guardrails","content":"

🤖 Definition

AI Guardrails are safety mechanisms, constraints, and filtering systems designed to prevent AI models from generating harmful, inappropriate, biased, or unwanted content while maintaining their useful capabilities.

🎯 Purpose

Guardrails ensure AI systems operate within acceptable bounds by blocking harmful outputs, maintaining ethical standards, and protecting users from potentially dangerous or inappropriate AI-generated content.

⚙️ Function

Guardrails work through various methods including content filtering, output monitoring, behavioral constraints, safety fine-tuning, and real-time intervention systems that detect and prevent problematic responses.

🌟 Example

A customer service chatbot with guardrails that prevent it from sharing personal customer information, making medical diagnoses, or engaging with hostile users, while still helping with legitimate inquiries.

🔗 Related

Connected to AI Safety, Content Moderation, Ethical AI, Risk Mitigation, Safety Layers, and Responsible AI practices.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["cs","da","es","fi","nl","no","pl","sv"],"related":[{"title":"Escape Hatch","slug":"escape-hatch","url":"/en/que-es/escape-hatch","question":"What is an Escape Hatch in AI?","content":"An Escape Hatch in AI is a safety mechanism that provides users or systems..."},{"title":"Alignment (AI)","slug":"alignment---ai","url":"/en/que-es/alignment---ai","question":"What is AI Alignment?","content":"AI Alignment is the challenge of ensuring that AI systems pursue goals and..."},{"title":"Deterministic (AI)","slug":"deterministic","url":"/en/que-es/deterministic","question":"What does Deterministic mean in AI?","content":"Deterministic in AI refers to systems that produce exactly the same output..."},{"title":"Vibe Coding","slug":"vibe-coding","url":"/en/que-es/vibe-coding","question":"What is Vibe Coding?","content":"Vibe Coding is a programming approach coined by Andrej Karpathy in 2025, wh..."},{"title":"Instruction-Following Model","slug":"instruction-following-model","url":"/en/que-es/instruction-following-model","question":"What is an Instruction-Following Model?","content":"An instruction-following model is an artificial intelligence system specifi..."}]},{"title":"Hallucination","question":"What is AI Hallucination?","description":"When AI systems generate plausible-sounding but factually incorrect or fabricated information not based on training data.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["ai","issues","reliability"],"published":true,"slug":"hallucination","content":"

🤖 Definition

AI Hallucination occurs when artificial intelligence systems generate information that appears plausible and coherent but is factually incorrect, fabricated, or not grounded in the training data or real-world facts.

🎯 Purpose

Understanding hallucinations is crucial for identifying AI limitations, implementing verification systems, and developing strategies to improve AI reliability and accuracy in factual domains.

⚙️ Function

Hallucinations happen when AI models fill knowledge gaps with plausible-sounding content, extrapolate beyond their training data, or generate responses based on spurious patterns rather than factual information.

🌟 Example

An AI assistant confidently stating that \"The Eiffel Tower was built in 1912\" (actually 1889) or providing detailed information about a non-existent scientific study with realistic-sounding authors and findings.

🔗 Related

Connected to AI Reliability, Fact-Checking, Grounding, Model Limitations, Verification Systems, and Quality Assurance measures.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["cs","da","es","fr","no","sv"],"related":[{"title":"Deterministic (AI)","slug":"deterministic","url":"/en/que-es/deterministic","question":"What does Deterministic mean in AI?","content":"Deterministic in AI refers to systems that produce exactly the same output..."},{"title":"Grounding","slug":"grounding","url":"/en/que-es/grounding","question":"What is Grounding in AI?","content":"Grounding in AI refers to the process of connecting AI-generated responses..."},{"title":"Prompt Engineering","slug":"prompt-engineering","url":"/en/que-es/prompt-engineering","question":"What is Prompt Engineering?","content":"Prompt Engineering is the practice of designing effective prompts to guide..."},{"title":"Context (AI)","slug":"context---ai","url":"/en/que-es/context---ai","question":"What is Context in AI?","content":"Context in AI refers to the surrounding information, situational awareness,..."},{"title":"Generative UI","slug":"generative-ui","url":"/en/que-es/generative-ui","question":"What is Generative UI?","content":"Generative UI refers to user interfaces that are dynamically created, modif..."}]},{"title":"Hexagonal Architecture","question":"What is Hexagonal Architecture?","description":"A software design approach that isolates an application's core logic from external concerns by separating it into components.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["architecture"],"published":true,"slug":"hexagonal-architecture","content":"

🔍 Definition

Hexagonal architecture, also known as ports and adapters architecture, is a software design approach that aims to isolate the core logic of an application from external concerns by separating it into loosely coupled components.

🛠️ Principles

It is based on three basic principles: the user side, the business logic at the center, and the server side, which facilitate the application's interaction with the outside world in a controlled manner.

📈 Advantages

It allows delaying decisions about technologies, switching technologies with less impact, testing business logic isolated from external systems, and reshaping the internal domain with less effort on external systems.

🧩 Stereotypes

It includes domain objects, use cases, input and output ports, and adapters, which are key elements for the successful implementation of this architecture.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","fr","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"GPT","slug":"gpt","url":"/en/que-es/gpt","question":"What is GPT?","content":"GPT (Generative Pre-trained Transformer) is a type of large language model..."},{"title":"MVP","slug":"mvp---minimum-viable-product","url":"/en/que-es/mvp---minimum-viable-product","question":"What does MVP mean?","content":"A Minimum Viable Product (MVP) is a version of a product with the minimum n..."},{"title":"Pair Programming","slug":"pair-programming","url":"/en/que-es/pair-programming","question":"What is Pair Programming?","content":"Pair Programming is a software development technique where two programmers..."},{"title":"PI Planning","slug":"pi-planning","url":"/en/que-es/pi-planning","question":"What does PI Planning mean?","content":"PI Planning, or Program Increment Planning, is an event within SAFe that al..."},{"title":"Narrative Flow","slug":"narrative-flow","url":"/en/que-es/narrative-flow","question":"What is Narrative Flow in agile?","content":"Narrative Flow is a facilitation technique used in agile environments where..."}]},{"title":"Human-in-the-Loop (HITL)","question":"What is Human-in-the-Loop?","description":"An AI approach that incorporates human judgment and oversight at critical decision points in automated processes.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["ai","collaboration","oversight"],"published":true,"slug":"human-in-the-loop---hitl","content":"

🤖 Definition

Human-in-the-Loop (HITL) is an AI approach that combines automated decision-making with human judgment, expertise, and oversight at critical points in the process, ensuring human control and validation of important decisions.

🎯 Purpose

HITL systems leverage the strengths of both AI automation and human intelligence, providing safety nets for critical decisions while maintaining efficiency for routine tasks that AI can handle reliably.

⚙️ Function

HITL works by identifying decision points where human judgment is valuable, routing those cases to human reviewers while allowing AI to handle straightforward cases automatically, creating a hybrid workflow.

🌟 Example

A content moderation system where AI flags potentially problematic posts for human review, or a medical diagnosis AI that requires doctor approval before recommending treatments for complex cases.

🔗 Related

Connected to AI Safety, Human Oversight, Hybrid Intelligence, Quality Control, Risk Management, and Collaborative AI systems.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["es"],"related":[{"title":"Context (AI)","slug":"context---ai","url":"/en/que-es/context---ai","question":"What is Context in AI?","content":"Context in AI refers to the surrounding information, situational awareness,..."},{"title":"Three Amigos","slug":"three-amigos","url":"/en/que-es/three-amigos","question":"What does Three Amigos mean?","content":"\"Three Amigos\" is a collaborative practice in agile software development wh..."},{"title":"Guardrails","slug":"guardrails","url":"/en/que-es/guardrails","question":"What are AI Guardrails?","content":"AI Guardrails are safety mechanisms, constraints, and filtering systems des..."},{"title":"Agent","slug":"agent","url":"/en/que-es/agent","question":"What is an AI Agent?","content":"An Agent is a software entity that can take actions autonomously on behalf..."},{"title":"AI (Artificial Intelligence)","slug":"ai---artificial-intelligence","url":"/en/que-es/ai---artificial-intelligence","question":"What is AI?","content":"AI, or Artificial Intelligence, is the broad field of creating systems that..."}]},{"title":"Hype","question":"What is Hype?","description":"It is a strong expectation for something new.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["hype","marketing","product"],"published":true,"slug":"hype","content":"

🔊 Hype

Hype refers to excessive or exaggerated excitement, often used in the context of marketing by the public about a feature, product, or novelty.

📈 Example

A product being heavily hyped may have its features or benefits overstated to generate interest and sales.

📚 Origin

The term derives from the English word 'hyperbole', which is a literary figure that exaggerates or overvalues something.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"A/B Testing","slug":"test-a-b","url":"/en/que-es/test-a-b","question":"What are A/B Tests?","content":"A/B tests, also known as A/B split tests, are a method for comparing two ve..."},{"title":"FOMO","slug":"fomo","url":"/en/que-es/fomo","question":"What is FOMO?","content":"'FOMO' stands for 'Fear of Missing Out' and is a psychological condition ch..."},{"title":"Three Amigos","slug":"three-amigos","url":"/en/que-es/three-amigos","question":"What does Three Amigos mean?","content":"\"Three Amigos\" is a collaborative practice in agile software development wh..."},{"title":"Stakeholders","slug":"stakeholder","url":"/en/que-es/stakeholder","question":"What is a Stakeholder?","content":"A stakeholder is any individual or group of individuals with an interest in..."},{"title":"Discovery","slug":"discovery","url":"/en/que-es/discovery","question":"What is Discovery?","content":"Discovery is the process of determining what product or service to build, f..."}]},{"title":"Impact Map","question":"What is Impact Mapping?","description":"It is a technique used to focus on the goals and how to achieve them.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["design thinking","impact mapping","product","roadmap","strategy"],"published":true,"slug":"impact-mapping","content":"

🎯 Definition

Impact Mapping is a visual technique used to help teams focus on the goals they want to achieve and how to achieve them.

🔄 Iterative Process

It is often applied in the early stages of development to create a strategic plan and a product roadmap.

🧠 Collaborative Tool

Impact Mapping involves all stakeholders in a collaborative discussion to prioritize actions that will have the most significant impact.

📈 Four Levels

The technique is structured around four levels - Goals, Actors, Impacts, and Deliverables - to map the connections between the 'Why', 'Who', 'How', and 'What'.

🎯 Goals

The first step in Impact Mapping is defining the overall goal, ensuring it is Specific, Measurable, Actionable, Realistic, and Time-bound (SMART).

👥 Actors

Identify key actors or stakeholders who can influence the success of the project, avoiding generic terms like 'users' and being specific about user categories or roles.

💥 Impacts

Determine how the identified actors can help achieve the project goals and the specific impacts that will contribute to success.

📦 Deliverables

List the high-level features or characteristics that need to be developed, which can serve as an initial product roadmap.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Design Thinking","slug":"design-thinking","url":"/en/que-es/design-thinking","question":"What is Design Thinking?","content":"Design Thinking is a process for solving problems that focuses on understan..."},{"title":"Backlog","slug":"backlog","url":"/en/que-es/backlog","question":"What is a Backlog?","content":"A backlog is an ordered list of work for a development team that is derived..."},{"title":"Backbone","slug":"backbone","url":"/en/que-es/backbone","question":"What is the Backbone in User Story Mapping?","content":"In a User Story Map, the Backbone or main structure represents the high-lev..."},{"title":"Stakeholders","slug":"stakeholder","url":"/en/que-es/stakeholder","question":"What is a Stakeholder?","content":"A stakeholder is any individual or group of individuals with an interest in..."},{"title":"Hype","slug":"hype","url":"/en/que-es/hype","question":"What is Hype?","content":"Hype refers to excessive or exaggerated excitement, often used in the conte..."}]},{"title":"Inference","question":"What is AI Inference?","description":"The process of using a trained AI model to make predictions or generate outputs from new, previously unseen input data.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["ai","process","technical"],"published":true,"slug":"inference","content":"

🤖 Definition

AI Inference is the process of using a trained machine learning model to make predictions, generate responses, or produce outputs when presented with new, previously unseen input data during deployment or production use.

🎯 Purpose

Inference enables the practical application of trained AI models by allowing them to process real-world data and provide useful outputs, transforming theoretical model capabilities into actionable results.

⚙️ Function

Inference works by feeding input data through the trained model's neural network architecture, where the model applies learned patterns and weights to generate appropriate predictions or responses based on its training.

🌟 Example

When you ask ChatGPT a question, the model performs inference by processing your prompt through its neural network to generate a response, or when a image recognition model identifies objects in a new photo.

🔗 Related

Connected to Model Training, Deployment, Production AI, Real-time Processing, and Machine Learning Operations (MLOps).

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["cs","da","fr","no"],"related":[{"title":"Deterministic (AI)","slug":"deterministic","url":"/en/que-es/deterministic","question":"What does Deterministic mean in AI?","content":"Deterministic in AI refers to systems that produce exactly the same output..."},{"title":"Context Window","slug":"context-window","url":"/en/que-es/context-window","question":"What is a Context Window?","content":"A Context Window is the maximum amount of text, tokens, or information that..."},{"title":"Credits/Tokens (AI)","slug":"credits---tokens","url":"/en/que-es/credits---tokens","question":"What are AI Credits and Tokens?","content":"Credits and Tokens in AI are units of measurement used to quantify and bill..."},{"title":"Embeddings","slug":"embeddings","url":"/en/que-es/embeddings","question":"What are Embeddings in AI?","content":"Embeddings are dense numerical vector representations that capture the sema..."},{"title":"Guardrails","slug":"guardrails","url":"/en/que-es/guardrails","question":"What are AI Guardrails?","content":"AI Guardrails are safety mechanisms, constraints, and filtering systems des..."}]},{"title":"Input","question":"What does Input mean?","description":"It is a term used to refer to the data or resources entered into a system, process, or device with the aim of generating an output or result.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["data","input","systems","technology"],"published":true,"slug":"input","content":"

📊 Definition

The term Input refers to any information, data, or resource entered into a system, process, or device to obtain a result or perform an action.

🔍 Focus

In the technological field, it is used to describe the data provided by a user or system, such as text typed on a keyboard, mouse clicks, or sensors collecting information from the environment.

🤝 Context

The concept of input is key in fields such as computing, engineering, and economics, where any process requires inputs to generate outputs.

🛠️ Examples

In programming, inputs are values provided to a program or function to perform specific calculations or processes. In a user interface, inputs may include forms, buttons, or voice commands.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["es","fr","ko"],"related":[{"title":"Embeddings","slug":"embeddings","url":"/en/que-es/embeddings","question":"What are Embeddings in AI?","content":"Embeddings are dense numerical vector representations that capture the sema..."},{"title":"Automation (AI)","slug":"automation---ai","url":"/en/que-es/automation---ai","question":"What is AI-powered Automation?","content":"AI-powered Automation is the use of artificial intelligence to automaticall..."},{"title":"Ambient AI","slug":"ambient-ai","url":"/en/que-es/ambient-ai","question":"What is Ambient AI?","content":"Ambient AI refers to artificial intelligence that operates seamlessly in th..."},{"title":"Ground Truth","slug":"ground-truth","url":"/en/que-es/ground-truth","question":"What is Ground Truth in AI?","content":"Ground Truth in AI refers to the accurate, verified, or objectively correct..."},{"title":"Machine Learning (ML)","slug":"machine-learning---ml","url":"/en/que-es/machine-learning---ml","question":"What is Machine Learning?","content":"Machine Learning (ML) is the broader field of training algorithms to improv..."}]},{"title":"Instruction-Following Model","question":"What is an Instruction-Following Model?","description":"An instruction-following model is an AI system trained to understand and execute natural language commands. Complete guide with training methods, examples, RLHF, and applications.","date":"2026-02-22","categories":["ai","interaction","llm","machine learning","nlp"],"published":true,"slug":"instruction-following-model","content":"

Definition

An instruction-following model is an artificial intelligence system specifically trained to understand, interpret, and execute instructions given in natural language. Unlike base language models that simply predict the next token in a sequence, instruction-following models are aligned to produce outputs that directly address the user's request, making them useful as assistants, tools, and autonomous agents.

These models represent a critical advancement in AI usability. While a base language model might respond to \"Write a summary of this article\" by generating text that looks like a continuation of a web page, an instruction-following model recognizes this as a command and produces an actual summary.

How Instruction-Following Models Work

Base model pre-training

The foundation of an instruction-following model is a large language model (LLM) pre-trained on massive text datasets. During pre-training, the model learns language patterns, factual knowledge, reasoning capabilities, and general understanding of text. However, this base model is optimized for next-token prediction, not for following instructions.

Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT)

The first step in creating an instruction-following model is supervised fine-tuning, where the base model is trained on curated datasets of instruction-response pairs. These datasets contain examples of:

Instructions or prompts (the input)
High-quality responses that correctly follow the instruction (the desired output)

Human annotators or AI-assisted pipelines create these datasets, covering diverse tasks such as summarization, question answering, code generation, creative writing, analysis, and multi-step reasoning.

Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF)

RLHF is the technique that significantly improved instruction-following capabilities, first demonstrated at scale by OpenAI with InstructGPT (2022). The process involves:

Reward model training: human evaluators rank multiple model outputs for the same instruction. These rankings train a reward model that scores responses based on helpfulness, accuracy, and safety.
Policy optimization: the language model is further trained using reinforcement learning (typically Proximal Policy Optimization / PPO) to maximize the reward model's score, effectively learning to generate responses that humans prefer.

Constitutional AI (CAI) and RLAIF

An alternative approach developed by Anthropic, Constitutional AI uses AI feedback instead of (or in addition to) human feedback. The model is given a set of principles (a \"constitution\") and learns to critique and revise its own outputs according to those principles. This approach is also called Reinforcement Learning from AI Feedback (RLAIF).

Direct Preference Optimization (DPO)

A more recent technique that simplifies the RLHF pipeline by directly optimizing the model on preference data without training a separate reward model. DPO has become popular due to its simplicity and effectiveness.

Key Capabilities

Instruction-following models can perform a wide range of tasks based on natural language commands:

Text generation and transformation

Writing emails, articles, reports, and documentation
Summarizing long documents into key points
Translating text between languages
Reformatting data (e.g., converting prose to bullet points or tables)
Adjusting tone, style, or reading level

Analysis and reasoning

Answering questions about provided text or data
Analyzing arguments and identifying logical fallacies
Comparing options and providing recommendations
Explaining complex concepts in simpler terms
Solving mathematical and logical problems step by step

Code and technical tasks

Writing, debugging, and explaining code
Converting code between programming languages
Creating tests and documentation for existing code
Designing database schemas and API endpoints
Reviewing code for bugs, security issues, and best practices

Creative tasks

Brainstorming ideas and generating concepts
Writing stories, poems, and creative content
Designing prompts for image generation models
Creating outlines and structured plans

Landmark Instruction-Following Models

Model	Organization	Year	Significance
InstructGPT	OpenAI	2022	First widely recognized instruction-tuned model using RLHF
ChatGPT	OpenAI	2022	Brought instruction-following AI to mainstream adoption
Claude	Anthropic	2023	Pioneered Constitutional AI approach
Llama 2 Chat	Meta	2023	First major open-weight instruction-following model
Gemini	Google	2023	Multimodal instruction-following across text, image, and code
Claude Opus 4	Anthropic	2025	Advanced agentic capabilities with extended thinking

Instruction Quality and Prompt Engineering

The quality of an instruction-following model's output depends heavily on the quality of the instruction provided. This has given rise to the discipline of prompt engineering -- the craft of designing effective prompts to elicit desired outputs.

Elements of effective instructions

Clarity: unambiguous language that leaves no room for misinterpretation.
Context: relevant background information the model needs to produce a good response.
Constraints: specific requirements about format, length, tone, or content.
Examples: sample inputs and outputs that demonstrate the expected behavior (few-shot prompting).
Role assignment: framing the model as a specific persona (e.g., \"You are a senior software engineer reviewing code\").

Chain-of-thought prompting

Asking the model to \"think step by step\" or show its reasoning process often improves accuracy on complex tasks. This technique, known as chain-of-thought (CoT) prompting, activates the model's reasoning capabilities more effectively than asking for a direct answer.

Evaluation of Instruction-Following Models

Evaluating how well a model follows instructions is challenging because the quality of a response is often subjective. Common evaluation approaches include:

Human evaluation

Human raters assess model outputs on dimensions like helpfulness, accuracy, harmlessness, and instruction adherence. This is considered the gold standard but is expensive and slow to scale.

Automated benchmarks

Standardized benchmarks test specific capabilities:

MMLU: measures knowledge across 57 academic subjects.
HumanEval: evaluates code generation accuracy.
MT-Bench: multi-turn conversation quality rated by an LLM judge.
AlpacaEval: automated evaluation of instruction-following using a strong model as judge.
IFEval: specifically designed to test instruction-following precision.

LLM-as-judge

Using a strong instruction-following model (like GPT-4 or Claude) to evaluate the outputs of other models. While not perfect, this approach scales much better than human evaluation and correlates well with human preferences.

Challenges and Limitations

Hallucinations

Instruction-following models can generate plausible-sounding but factually incorrect information. They may confidently state wrong facts, cite non-existent sources, or fabricate details. Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) and grounding techniques help mitigate this issue.

Instruction ambiguity

Natural language is inherently ambiguous. The same instruction can be interpreted differently depending on context, and models may make assumptions that differ from the user's intent. Clear, specific instructions reduce but do not eliminate this problem.

Safety and misuse

Instruction-following models can potentially be used to generate harmful content, misinformation, or assist in malicious activities. Guardrails, content filters, and alignment techniques are employed to prevent misuse while maintaining utility.

Sycophancy

Models trained with RLHF may develop a tendency toward sycophantic behavior -- agreeing with the user even when they are wrong, or generating overly positive assessments to please the user. This is an active area of alignment research.

Context limitations

Every model has a finite context window -- the maximum amount of text it can process in a single interaction. While context windows have grown dramatically (from 4K tokens to over 200K), they still impose limits on the complexity of instructions and the amount of information that can be provided.

Applications in Software Development

Instruction-following models have become essential tools in modern software development:

Code assistants: tools like GitHub Copilot, Cursor, and Claude Code generate, explain, and refactor code based on natural language instructions.
Documentation: generating technical documentation, API references, and user guides.
Code review: analyzing code for bugs, security vulnerabilities, and style violations.
Testing: generating test cases and test data from specifications.
Debugging: explaining error messages and suggesting fixes.
Architecture: discussing design decisions and evaluating trade-offs.

Instruction-Following Models vs Agents

While instruction-following models respond to individual prompts, AI agents use instruction-following models as their core reasoning engine but add the ability to take actions, use tools, plan multi-step tasks, and interact with external systems autonomously. The instruction-following capability is the foundation upon which agentic behavior is built.

FAQ

What is the difference between a base model and an instruction-following model?

A base model is trained only to predict the next word in a sequence. It can generate coherent text but does not naturally follow instructions -- it might continue writing an instruction as if it were a document rather than executing it. An instruction-following model has been further trained (via SFT and RLHF/DPO) to recognize instructions and produce responses that fulfill them.

Are all chatbots instruction-following models?

No. Traditional chatbots use rule-based systems, decision trees, or simple pattern matching. Instruction-following models are a specific type of AI system based on large language models that understand and execute arbitrary natural language instructions, not just predefined commands.

How do instruction-following models handle conflicting instructions?

Models typically prioritize safety guidelines (system-level instructions) over user instructions, and more recent instructions over older ones. When user instructions conflict with each other, models may ask for clarification or make a reasonable interpretation based on context.

Can instruction-following models learn from conversation?

Within a single conversation, models can adapt their behavior based on feedback and corrections (in-context learning). However, they do not permanently learn from individual conversations -- their weights are not updated during inference. Each new conversation starts from the same base capabilities.

What is the role of the system prompt?

The system prompt is a set of instructions provided by the developer (not the end user) that defines the model's behavior, persona, and constraints. It acts as a persistent instruction that influences all subsequent interactions. System prompts are used to customize instruction-following models for specific applications.

How do instruction-following models differ from fine-tuned models?

Instruction-following is a general-purpose capability -- the model can follow diverse instructions across many domains. Fine-tuned models are specialized for specific tasks or domains, often outperforming general instruction-following models on those narrow tasks but losing generality. Many production systems combine both approaches.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["cs","da","de","es","fr","it","no","pt"],"related":[{"title":"Context (AI)","slug":"context---ai","url":"/en/que-es/context---ai","question":"What is Context in AI?","content":"Context in AI refers to the surrounding information, situational awareness,..."},{"title":"GPT","slug":"gpt","url":"/en/que-es/gpt","question":"What is GPT?","content":"GPT (Generative Pre-trained Transformer) is a type of large language model..."},{"title":"RAG (Retrieval-Augmented Generation)","slug":"rag","url":"/en/que-es/rag","question":"What is RAG?","content":"RAG, or Retrieval-Augmented Generation, is a technique that enhances the ou..."},{"title":"Large Language Model (LLM)","slug":"large-language-model---llm","url":"/en/que-es/large-language-model---llm","question":"What is a Large Language Model?","content":"A Large Language Model (LLM) is an AI model trained on vast text data to un..."},{"title":"Computer Use","slug":"computer-use","url":"/en/que-es/computer-use","question":"What is Computer Use in AI?","content":"Computer Use in AI refers to the capability of artificial intelligence syst..."}]},{"title":"Ishikawa","question":"What is an Ishikawa diagram?","description":"It is a tool used to identify the possible causes of an event or problem.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["Ishikawa diagram","kaizen","post-mortem","retrospective"],"published":true,"slug":"ishikawa","content":"

📊 Definition

An Ishikawa diagram, also known as a fishbone diagram, is a visualization tool commonly used in post-mortem or retrospective sessions to identify and categorize the possible root causes of a specific event or problem.

🐟 Origin

The diagram is named after its creator, Kaoru Ishikawa, and is called a fishbone diagram due to its resemblance to the skeleton of a fish.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Kaizen","slug":"kaizen","url":"/en/que-es/kaizen","question":"What is Kaizen?","content":"Kaizen is a Japanese term that translates as \"good change\" or \"improvement\"..."},{"title":"Kanban","slug":"kanban","url":"/en/que-es/kanban","question":"What is Kanban?","content":"Kanban is a lean method for managing and improving work flows in production..."},{"title":"CFD","slug":"cfd","url":"/en/que-es/cfd","question":"What is a CFD?","content":"A Cumulative Flow Diagram (CFD) is a visual tool used in Kanban to track th..."},{"title":"Extreme Programming - XP","slug":"extreme-programming---xp","url":"/en/que-es/extreme-programming---xp","question":"What is Extreme Programming?","content":"Extreme Programming or XP is an agile software development framework that f..."},{"title":"Gemba","slug":"gemba","url":"/en/que-es/gemba","question":"What is Gemba?","content":"Gemba is a Japanese term that refers to the 'real place' or the 'place wher..."}]},{"title":"Jira","question":"What is Jira?","description":"It is an application for project management.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["jira","project","tool"],"published":true,"slug":"jira","content":"

🔍 Definition

Jira is a proprietary software application developed by Atlassian for issue tracking and project management.

📈 Purpose

It is used by teams to plan, track, and support software, providing a single source of truth for the entire development lifecycle.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Asana","slug":"asana","url":"/en/que-es/asana","question":"What is Asana?","content":"Asana is a project management software that helps teams organize, track, an..."},{"title":"Portfolio","slug":"portfolio","url":"/en/que-es/portfolio","question":"What is a portfolio?","content":"A portfolio refers to the collection of projects, programs, and other work..."},{"title":"Trello","slug":"trello","url":"/en/que-es/trello","question":"What is Trello?","content":"Trello is a visual project management tool that allows teams to organize ta..."},{"title":"Customer Centricity","slug":"customer-centricity","url":"/en/que-es/customer-centricity","question":"What does Customer Centricity mean?","content":"Customer Centricity is a business strategy that prioritizes placing the cus..."},{"title":"Banner Blindness","slug":"banner-blindness","url":"/en/que-es/banner-blindness","question":"What is Banner Blindness?","content":"Banner Blindness is a psychological and behavioral phenomenon observed in i..."}]},{"title":"Junior","question":"What is a junior?","description":"It is a developer with some knowledge of the language and the technology stack.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["developer","junior","role","senior"],"published":true,"slug":"junior","content":"

👨‍💻 Role Definition

A junior developer typically has 0 to 3 years of experience, with some knowledge of the language and the technology stack used. However, years of experience are not determinative in defining a developer's expertise.

💼 Responsibilities

Junior developers often work on smaller, less critical tasks under the guidance of more experienced or senior team members.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Senior","slug":"senior","url":"/en/que-es/senior","question":"What is a Senior?","content":"A senior developer typically has more than 5 years of experience, with a hi..."},{"title":"Team Leader","slug":"team-leader","url":"/en/que-es/team-leader","question":"What is a Team Leader?","content":"The Team Leader is the role that acts as the bridge between management and..."},{"title":"Stakeholders","slug":"stakeholder","url":"/en/que-es/stakeholder","question":"What is a Stakeholder?","content":"A stakeholder is any individual or group of individuals with an interest in..."},{"title":"Scrum Master","slug":"scrum-master","url":"/en/que-es/scrum-master","question":"What is a Scrum Master?","content":"The Scrum Master is one of the three key roles in the Scrum framework, resp..."},{"title":"Agile Coach","slug":"agile-coach","url":"/en/que-es/agile-coach","question":"What is an Agile Coach?","content":"An Agile Coach is an expert in agility who guides individuals, teams, and o..."}]},{"title":"JIT - Just In Time","question":"What is Just In Time?","description":"It is a strategy that aims to align raw material orders with production schedules.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["jit","lean","toyota"],"published":true,"slug":"just-in-time---jit","content":"

⏱️ Definition

Just In Time (JIT), or Just In Time, is a management strategy that aims to align raw material orders with production schedules, receiving goods as close as possible to when they are needed.

🏭 Origin

JIT was developed by the Japanese automobile manufacturer Toyota in the 1970s as part of its Toyota Production System.

💰 Benefits

JIT minimizes the need to store large inventories, leading to efficiency and cost savings, but can present risks during supply or demand shocks.

🔄 Process

JIT requires constant monitoring of demand and uses methods such as Kanban to facilitate continuous improvement in streamlining, efficiency, and quality.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Kaizen","slug":"kaizen","url":"/en/que-es/kaizen","question":"What is Kaizen?","content":"Kaizen is a Japanese term that translates as \"good change\" or \"improvement\"..."},{"title":"Pull System","slug":"pull","url":"/en/que-es/pull","question":"What is the Pull system?","content":"In Kanban, a Pull system is one where work is only initiated when there is..."},{"title":"Lean","slug":"lean","url":"/en/que-es/lean","question":"What is Lean?","content":"Lean is the application of manufacturing principles to the development and..."},{"title":"Kanban","slug":"kanban","url":"/en/que-es/kanban","question":"What is Kanban?","content":"Kanban is a lean method for managing and improving work flows in production..."},{"title":"Waste","slug":"waste","url":"/en/que-es/waste","question":"What does waste mean?","content":"In Lean management, waste refers to any activity that consumes resources bu..."}]},{"title":"Kaizen","question":"What is Kaizen?","description":"It means good change or improvement.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["continuous improvement","kaizen","lean","toyota"],"published":true,"slug":"kaizen","content":"

📈 Definition

Kaizen is a Japanese term that translates as \"good change\" or \"improvement\", and it's a business philosophy focused on continuous improvement.

🏭 Origins

Developed in post-war Japan, kaizen was influenced by American teachings on quality management and was notably implemented by Toyota.

🔄 Methodology

Kaizen involves all employees in the gradual and continuous improvement of various areas of a company, aiming to eliminate waste and improve processes.

🔧 Tools

The kaizen philosophy utilizes various tools like 5S for workplace organization, JIT and Kanban for inventory control, and value stream mapping for waste elimination.

📚 Expansion

Management consultant Masaaki Imai introduced kaizen globally in 1986 through his book \"Kaizen: The Key to Japan's Competitive Success\".

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"CFD","slug":"cfd","url":"/en/que-es/cfd","question":"What is a CFD?","content":"A Cumulative Flow Diagram (CFD) is a visual tool used in Kanban to track th..."},{"title":"Waste","slug":"waste","url":"/en/que-es/waste","question":"What does waste mean?","content":"In Lean management, waste refers to any activity that consumes resources bu..."},{"title":"SIPOC","slug":"sipoc","url":"/en/que-es/sipoc","question":"What is SIPOC?","content":"SIPOC is an acronym that stands for Suppliers, Inputs, Process, Outputs, an..."},{"title":"JIT - Just In Time","slug":"just-in-time---jit","url":"/en/que-es/just-in-time---jit","question":"What is Just In Time?","content":"Just In Time (JIT), or Just In Time, is a management strategy that aims to..."},{"title":"Gemba","slug":"gemba","url":"/en/que-es/gemba","question":"What is Gemba?","content":"Gemba is a Japanese term that refers to the 'real place' or the 'place wher..."}]},{"title":"Kanban","question":"What is Kanban?","description":"It is a Lean method to optimize workflow processes.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["agile","flow","kaizen","kanban","lean","pull system","services","wip"],"published":true,"slug":"kanban","content":"

🔖 Definition

Kanban is a lean method for managing and improving work flows in production and development processes. It focuses on continuous delivery without overloading the work team, using a visual system to monitor task progress.

🏭 Origin

Initially developed in the 1940s by Toyota, Kanban is part of the Lean Manufacturing system. Its goal is to optimize production processes by visualizing work and reducing waste.

🔄 Evolution

Originating in manufacturing, Kanban has spread to software development and other fields thanks to the promotion by David J. Anderson. Its focus on efficiency and continuous improvement highlights its adaptability and value across different environments.

🔍 Visual Management

Teams use Kanban boards to visualize their work and track progress, often with columns like \"To Do\", \"In Progress\", and \"Done\".

🔄 Continuous Improvement

Kanban promotes the identification and resolution of problems in the work process, allowing for continuous and efficient improvement, advocating the Kaizen philosophy.

🔒 Limitation of Work In Progress

One of the key practices of Kanban is limiting WIP (Work In Progress) to improve team focus and efficiency, reduce Lead Time, and increase the quality of the delivered work.

🔄 Pull System

The pull system in Kanban encourages finishing tasks before starting new ones, focusing on actual capacity and demand. This approach improves value delivery and efficiency by ensuring that one piece of work is completed before taking on another, simplifying workflow management from right to left.

🛠 Tools

Some of the most popular digital tools for implementing the Kanban method are: Trello, Asana, and JIRA.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Waste","slug":"waste","url":"/en/que-es/waste","question":"What does waste mean?","content":"In Lean management, waste refers to any activity that consumes resources bu..."},{"title":"Pull System","slug":"pull","url":"/en/que-es/pull","question":"What is the Pull system?","content":"In Kanban, a Pull system is one where work is only initiated when there is..."},{"title":"Lean","slug":"lean","url":"/en/que-es/lean","question":"What is Lean?","content":"Lean is the application of manufacturing principles to the development and..."},{"title":"Downstream","slug":"downstream","url":"/en/que-es/downstream","question":"What is downstream?","content":"Refers to the activities from the receipt of a request to the completion of..."},{"title":"Blockages","slug":"blockages","url":"/en/que-es/blockages","question":"What is a blockage?","content":"In frameworks like Scrum and Kanban, a 'blockage' refers to any obstacle th..."}]},{"title":"Kanban Board","question":"What is a Kanban Board?","description":"Visually represents work at various stages of a process using cards and columns.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["Information Radiator","Kanban","Lean"],"published":true,"slug":"kanban-board","content":"

📊 Definition

A Kanban Board, or Kanban board, is a tool that visually represents work at various stages of a process using cards and columns.

🔢 WIP Limit

It is designed to help teams maximize efficiency by setting limits on work in progress (WIP).

👥 Team Coordination

Kanban boards help coordinate teams by providing a clear view of the work that needs to be done, any blockages or impediments, and work that is in progress or completed.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Value Stream Map","slug":"value-stream-map","url":"/en/que-es/value-stream-map","question":"What is a Value Stream Map (VSM)?","content":"The Value Stream Map, or VSM, is a visual tool used in Lean to depict and a..."},{"title":"WIP Limits","slug":"wip-limit---work-in-progress-limit","url":"/en/que-es/wip-limit---work-in-progress-limit","question":"What are WIP Limits?","content":"WIP stands for \"Work In Progress,\" and a WIP Limit, or limit of WIP, is the..."},{"title":"Scrumban","slug":"scrumban","url":"/en/que-es/scrumban","question":"What is Scrumban?","content":"Scrumban is a framework that combines the principles of Scrum and Kanban, o..."},{"title":"WIP","slug":"wip---work-in-progress","url":"/en/que-es/wip---work-in-progress","question":"What does WIP mean?","content":"Work In Progress (WIP) refers to tasks or products that are in the process..."},{"title":"Explainability","slug":"explainability","url":"/en/que-es/explainability","question":"What is AI Explainability?","content":"AI Explainability is the capability of artificial intelligence systems to p..."}]},{"title":"KISS","question":"What does KISS mean?","description":"It is an acronym for Keep It Simple, Stupid!","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["KISS","design principle"],"published":true,"slug":"kiss---keep-it-simply-stupid","content":"

🔤 Meaning

The KISS principle, which stands for Keep It Simple, Stupid! is an acronym used as a design principle.

🛠️ Design Principle

It advocates for simplicity in the design and development of systems.

📅 Origin

It is attributed to engineer Kelly Johnson of the U.S. Navy, in 1960.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Pair Programming","slug":"pair-programming","url":"/en/que-es/pair-programming","question":"What is Pair Programming?","content":"Pair Programming is a software development technique where two programmers..."},{"title":"ROI","slug":"roi---return-of-invest","url":"/en/que-es/roi---return-of-invest","question":"What does ROI mean?","content":"Return on Investment, or ROI, is a financial metric used to evaluate the pr..."},{"title":"Jira","slug":"jira","url":"/en/que-es/jira","question":"What is Jira?","content":"Jira is a proprietary software application developed by Atlassian for issue..."},{"title":"Kanban","slug":"kanban","url":"/en/que-es/kanban","question":"What is Kanban?","content":"Kanban is a lean method for managing and improving work flows in production..."},{"title":"Postmortem","slug":"postmortem","url":"/en/que-es/postmortem","question":"What is a Postmortem?","content":"A postmortem is a retrospective analysis conducted after an incident, outag..."}]},{"title":"KPI","question":"What does KPI mean?","description":"It stands for Key Performance Indicator.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["KPI","metric"],"published":true,"slug":"kpi---key-performance-indicator","content":"

🎯 Definition

Key Performance Indicator (KPI), or Key Performance Indicator, is a quantifiable measure of performance over time for a specific objective, used to track progress towards goals.

🔑 Importance

KPIs are crucial for aligning teams, providing business metrics, and increasing transparency within organizations.

💼 Examples

KPIs can include metrics such as revenue growth, customer retention rate, sales by region, and more, depending on the specific business objectives.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"CFD","slug":"cfd","url":"/en/que-es/cfd","question":"What is a CFD?","content":"A Cumulative Flow Diagram (CFD) is a visual tool used in Kanban to track th..."},{"title":"Burndown Chart","slug":"burndown-chart","url":"/en/que-es/burndown-chart","question":"What is a burndown chart?","content":"A burndown chart is a visual representation that shows the amount of work r..."},{"title":"OKRs","slug":"okr","url":"/en/que-es/okr","question":"What does OKR mean?","content":"OKRs were developed by Andrew Grove at Intel in the 1970s and later popular..."},{"title":"Throughput","slug":"throughput","url":"/en/que-es/throughput","question":"What is throughput?","content":"In the Kanban method, 'throughput' is used to describe the total number of..."},{"title":"Lead Time","slug":"lead-time","url":"/en/que-es/lead-time","question":"What is Lead Time?","content":"Lead Time, or delivery time, is the total duration from the start to the co..."}]},{"title":"Large Language Model (LLM)","question":"What is a Large Language Model?","description":"An AI model trained on vast text data to understand and generate human-like language.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["ai","nlp"],"published":true,"slug":"large-language-model---llm","content":"

🤖 Definition

A Large Language Model (LLM) is an AI model trained on vast text data to understand and generate human-like language, capable of performing various text-based tasks.

🎯 Purpose

LLMs are designed to comprehend context, generate coherent text, and perform complex language tasks like translation, summarization, question-answering, and creative writing.

⚙️ Function

LLMs work by processing massive amounts of text during training to learn language patterns, then use this knowledge to predict and generate appropriate text responses based on input prompts.

🌟 Example

Anthropic's Claude 3 interpreting long policy documents and drafting recommendations, demonstrating advanced comprehension and generation capabilities.

🔗 Related

LLMs are built using transformer architecture and are the foundation for applications like ChatGPT, Claude, and other conversational AI systems.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["es"],"related":[{"title":"RAG (Retrieval-Augmented Generation)","slug":"rag","url":"/en/que-es/rag","question":"What is RAG?","content":"RAG, or Retrieval-Augmented Generation, is a technique that enhances the ou..."},{"title":"GPT","slug":"gpt","url":"/en/que-es/gpt","question":"What is GPT?","content":"GPT (Generative Pre-trained Transformer) is a type of large language model..."},{"title":"Instruction-Following Model","slug":"instruction-following-model","url":"/en/que-es/instruction-following-model","question":"What is an Instruction-Following Model?","content":"An instruction-following model is an artificial intelligence system specifi..."},{"title":"Credits/Tokens (AI)","slug":"credits---tokens","url":"/en/que-es/credits---tokens","question":"What are AI Credits and Tokens?","content":"Credits and Tokens in AI are units of measurement used to quantify and bill..."},{"title":"Embeddings","slug":"embeddings","url":"/en/que-es/embeddings","question":"What are Embeddings in AI?","content":"Embeddings are dense numerical vector representations that capture the sema..."}]},{"title":"Lead Time","question":"What is Lead Time?","description":"It is the total duration from the start to the completion of an order.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["cycle Time","kanban","lean","metric"],"published":true,"slug":"lead-time","content":"

⏳ Definition

Lead Time, or delivery time, is the total duration from the start to the completion of an order, often used to measure the efficiency of operations.

📅 Formula

Lead Time = Delivery Date - Order Date

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Cost of Delay","slug":"cost-of-delay","url":"/en/que-es/cost-of-delay","question":"What is Cost of Delay?","content":"The Cost of Delay (CoD) represents the economic impact of a delay in the de..."},{"title":"Downstream","slug":"downstream","url":"/en/que-es/downstream","question":"What is downstream?","content":"Refers to the activities from the receipt of a request to the completion of..."},{"title":"Muda","slug":"muda","url":"/en/que-es/muda","question":"What is Muda?","content":"Muda is a Japanese term that translates as waste and refers to any activity..."},{"title":"Kanban","slug":"kanban","url":"/en/que-es/kanban","question":"What is Kanban?","content":"Kanban is a lean method for managing and improving work flows in production..."},{"title":"Pull System","slug":"pull","url":"/en/que-es/pull","question":"What is the Pull system?","content":"In Kanban, a Pull system is one where work is only initiated when there is..."}]},{"title":"Lean","question":"What is Lean?","description":"Lean is the application of manufacturing principles to software development.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["agile","kanban","lean"],"published":true,"slug":"lean","content":"

🔍 Definition

Lean is the application of manufacturing principles to the development and management of products and services.

🎯 Goal

To maximize value offered to customers and users while reducing costs and waste.

🔃 Pull System

Uses a Pull system where services are initiated by customer requests, reducing overproduction and waste.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Kanban","slug":"kanban","url":"/en/que-es/kanban","question":"What is Kanban?","content":"Kanban is a lean method for managing and improving work flows in production..."},{"title":"Downstream","slug":"downstream","url":"/en/que-es/downstream","question":"What is downstream?","content":"Refers to the activities from the receipt of a request to the completion of..."},{"title":"Muda","slug":"muda","url":"/en/que-es/muda","question":"What is Muda?","content":"Muda is a Japanese term that translates as waste and refers to any activity..."},{"title":"Waste","slug":"waste","url":"/en/que-es/waste","question":"What does waste mean?","content":"In Lean management, waste refers to any activity that consumes resources bu..."},{"title":"Pull System","slug":"pull","url":"/en/que-es/pull","question":"What is the Pull system?","content":"In Kanban, a Pull system is one where work is only initiated when there is..."}]},{"title":"Lean Inception","question":"What is Lean Inception?","description":"It is a collaborative workshop to align on building a minimum viable product.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["design thinking","lean","lean inception","mvp"],"published":true,"slug":"lean-inception","content":"

🚀 Purpose

Lean Inception is a method designed to align a team around the development of a Minimum Viable Product (MVP) in a collaborative workshop through shared understanding.

🏢 Creator

Lean Inception was introduced by Paulo Caroli, with the first publication dating from 2011.

📅 Duration

Typically lasting one week, the Lean Inception workshop focuses on quickly defining the MVP and creating a plan for its launch.

🔄 Evolution

Lean Inception has undergone various modifications and adaptations, including how to conduct it remotely for distributed teams.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Beta","slug":"beta","url":"/en/que-es/beta","question":"What is a beta version?","content":"A beta version, also known as a preview, is a pre-release version of softwa..."},{"title":"Cost of Delay","slug":"cost-of-delay","url":"/en/que-es/cost-of-delay","question":"What is Cost of Delay?","content":"The Cost of Delay (CoD) represents the economic impact of a delay in the de..."},{"title":"Design Thinking","slug":"design-thinking","url":"/en/que-es/design-thinking","question":"What is Design Thinking?","content":"Design Thinking is a process for solving problems that focuses on understan..."},{"title":"Gemba","slug":"gemba","url":"/en/que-es/gemba","question":"What is Gemba?","content":"Gemba is a Japanese term that refers to the 'real place' or the 'place wher..."},{"title":"Downstream","slug":"downstream","url":"/en/que-es/downstream","question":"What is downstream?","content":"Refers to the activities from the receipt of a request to the completion of..."}]},{"title":"LeSS","question":"What does LeSS mean?","description":"It stands for Large Scale Scrum.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["LeSS","scaling","scrum"],"published":true,"slug":"less-large-scale-scrum","content":"

🔍 Definition

Large Scale Scrum (LeSS) is a framework for scaling the Scrum framework to multiple teams working on the same product.

🎯 Purpose

LeSS aims to apply the principles and practices of Scrum in a large-scale enterprise context as simply as possible, maintaining a focus on delivering value and reducing complexity.

📜 Key Principles

LeSS is guided by 10 principles, including empirical process control, transparency, customer focus, and continuous improvement.

🔄 Scaling

LeSS offers two configurations - Basic LeSS for two to eight teams and LeSS Huge for more than eight teams, providing a scalable approach for different organizational sizes.

👥 Teams

LeSS emphasizes that each team be cross-functional and highly self-managed.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Burndown Chart","slug":"burndown-chart","url":"/en/que-es/burndown-chart","question":"What is a burndown chart?","content":"A burndown chart is a visual representation that shows the amount of work r..."},{"title":"Blockages","slug":"blockages","url":"/en/que-es/blockages","question":"What is a blockage?","content":"In frameworks like Scrum and Kanban, a 'blockage' refers to any obstacle th..."},{"title":"Backlog","slug":"backlog","url":"/en/que-es/backlog","question":"What is a Backlog?","content":"A backlog is an ordered list of work for a development team that is derived..."},{"title":"Burnup Chart","slug":"burnup-chart","url":"/en/que-es/burnup-chart","question":"What is a burnup chart?","content":"A burnup chart is a visual representation that shows the amount of work com..."},{"title":"Agile Manifesto","slug":"agile-manifesto","url":"/en/que-es/agile-manifesto","question":"What is the Agile Manifesto?","content":"The Agile Manifesto is a document created on February 12, 2001, by 17 softw..."}]},{"title":"Machine Learning (ML)","question":"What is Machine Learning?","description":"The broader field of training algorithms to improve from data without explicit programming.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["ai","data"],"published":true,"slug":"machine-learning---ml","content":"

🤖 Definition

Machine Learning (ML) is the broader field of training algorithms to improve from data without explicit programming, enabling systems to learn and adapt automatically.

🎯 Purpose

ML aims to create systems that can learn patterns from data and make predictions or decisions on new, unseen information without being explicitly programmed for each specific task.

⚙️ Function

ML algorithms work by analyzing large datasets to identify patterns, relationships, and trends, then use these insights to make predictions or classifications on new data.

🌟 Example

Spotify's ML models learning your listening habits to recommend playlists that match your musical preferences and discovery patterns.

🔗 Related

Machine Learning is a subset of Artificial Intelligence and includes techniques like supervised learning, unsupervised learning, and reinforcement learning.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["es"],"related":[{"title":"Embeddings","slug":"embeddings","url":"/en/que-es/embeddings","question":"What are Embeddings in AI?","content":"Embeddings are dense numerical vector representations that capture the sema..."},{"title":"Ground Truth","slug":"ground-truth","url":"/en/que-es/ground-truth","question":"What is Ground Truth in AI?","content":"Ground Truth in AI refers to the accurate, verified, or objectively correct..."},{"title":"Vibe Coding","slug":"vibe-coding","url":"/en/que-es/vibe-coding","question":"What is Vibe Coding?","content":"Vibe Coding is a programming approach coined by Andrej Karpathy in 2025, wh..."},{"title":"Deterministic (AI)","slug":"deterministic","url":"/en/que-es/deterministic","question":"What does Deterministic mean in AI?","content":"Deterministic in AI refers to systems that produce exactly the same output..."},{"title":"Escape Hatch","slug":"escape-hatch","url":"/en/que-es/escape-hatch","question":"What is an Escape Hatch in AI?","content":"An Escape Hatch in AI is a safety mechanism that provides users or systems..."}]},{"title":"Management 3.0","question":"What is Management 3.0?","description":"It is a leadership and management approach that focuses on the systemic view of organizations.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["continuous improvement","leadership","management 3.0"],"published":true,"slug":"management-3-0","content":"

🎯 Definition

Management 3.0 is a leadership and management approach that focuses on the systemic view of organizations, emphasizing collective responsibility for worker performance and happiness.

🔄 Mindset

It is described as a mindset rather than a methodology or framework, with an evolving set of tools, games, and practices to help manage organizations.

👥 Collaborative Leadership

Management 3.0 promotes a leadership model where management is a group responsibility, aiming to create a work environment that is efficient and prioritizes employee happiness.

🔧 Practical Application

The approach provides actionable advice and tools that can be implemented in organizations, with a strong focus on agile management and continuous improvement.

🏢 Origin

Management 3.0 is a management model created by Jurgen Appelo, an IT manager, in 2010.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Servant Leadership","slug":"servant-leadership","url":"/en/que-es/servant-leadership","question":"What is a Servant Leader?","content":"Servant Leadership is a philosophy where the main goal of the leader is to..."},{"title":"Team Leader","slug":"team-leader","url":"/en/que-es/team-leader","question":"What is a Team Leader?","content":"The Team Leader is the role that acts as the bridge between management and..."},{"title":"SIPOC","slug":"sipoc","url":"/en/que-es/sipoc","question":"What is SIPOC?","content":"SIPOC is an acronym that stands for Suppliers, Inputs, Process, Outputs, an..."},{"title":"Top-Down","slug":"top-down","url":"/en/que-es/top-down","question":"What does Top-Down mean in transformation?","content":"In the context of agile transformation, the 'top-down' approach refers to a..."},{"title":"Postmortem","slug":"postmortem","url":"/en/que-es/postmortem","question":"What is a Postmortem?","content":"A postmortem is a retrospective analysis conducted after an incident, outag..."}]},{"title":"Market Fit","question":"What is Market Fit?","description":"When the product meets a strong market demand.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["lean startup","product","startup"],"published":true,"slug":"market-fit","content":"

🎯 Definition

Market fit occurs when a company's product satisfies a strong market demand, with customers purchasing, using, and recommending it at a scale that sustains growth and profitability.

💼 Importance

It is crucial for startups and established companies as it reduces the risk of failure, facilitates product sales, and enables informed decisions about features, pricing, and market approach.

📈 Measurement

It is measured through a combination of qualitative and quantitative metrics, including customer surveys, retention rates, and market share.

🔍 Process

Achieving market fit involves understanding the target customer, identifying their needs, defining a value proposition, and testing the product with the market.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"MVP","slug":"mvp---minimum-viable-product","url":"/en/que-es/mvp---minimum-viable-product","question":"What does MVP mean?","content":"A Minimum Viable Product (MVP) is a version of a product with the minimum n..."},{"title":"Three Amigos","slug":"three-amigos","url":"/en/que-es/three-amigos","question":"What does Three Amigos mean?","content":"\"Three Amigos\" is a collaborative practice in agile software development wh..."},{"title":"Stakeholders","slug":"stakeholder","url":"/en/que-es/stakeholder","question":"What is a Stakeholder?","content":"A stakeholder is any individual or group of individuals with an interest in..."},{"title":"Impact Map","slug":"impact-mapping","url":"/en/que-es/impact-mapping","question":"What is Impact Mapping?","content":"Impact Mapping is a visual technique used to help teams focus on the goals..."},{"title":"Hype","slug":"hype","url":"/en/que-es/hype","question":"What is Hype?","content":"Hype refers to excessive or exaggerated excitement, often used in the conte..."}]},{"title":"Mindset","question":"What does mindset mean?","description":"It is a set of established attitudes, beliefs, and perspectives.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["agile","mentality","mindset","philosophy"],"published":true,"slug":"mindset","content":"

🧠 Definition

Mindset, or mentality, is a set of established attitudes, beliefs, and perspectives that shape how an individual interprets and responds to the world around them.

🌱 Types

Two common types of mindsets are the growth mindset, which believes that abilities can be developed through effort, and the fixed mindset, which believes that abilities are innate and immutable.

💡 Importance

Mindsets can significantly influence a person's behavior, motivation, and developmental capacity, impacting various areas of their life.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Agile Alliance","slug":"agile-alliance","url":"/en/que-es/agile-alliance","question":"What is the Agile Alliance?","content":"Agile Alliance is a global non-profit organization dedicated to promoting t..."},{"title":"Self-Organization","slug":"self-organization","url":"/en/que-es/self-organization","question":"What is Self-Organization?","content":"Self-organization in Agile refers to teams having the autonomy to make deci..."},{"title":"Scrum","slug":"scrum","url":"/en/que-es/scrum","question":"What is Scrum?","content":"Scrum is an Agile framework designed to develop adaptive solutions to compl..."},{"title":"Scrum Master","slug":"scrum-master","url":"/en/que-es/scrum-master","question":"What is a Scrum Master?","content":"The Scrum Master is one of the three key roles in the Scrum framework, resp..."},{"title":"System Demo","slug":"system-demo","url":"/en/que-es/system-demo","question":"What is a System Demo?","content":"A System Demo is a significant event in the Scaled Agile Framework (SAFe) t..."}]},{"title":"MMF","question":"What does MMF mean?","description":"It stands for Minimum Marketable Feature.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["Lean Startup","MVP","feature","value"],"published":true,"slug":"mmf---minimum-marketable-feature","content":"

🎯 Definition

Minimum Marketable Feature, or Característica Mínima Comercializable, is the smallest set of functionality in a product that must be delivered for a customer to perceive some value.

💡 Importance

Understanding whether a feature is an MMF is crucial in agile product development as they focus on delivering significant value to customers, reducing time to market, and increasing return on investment (ROI).

🔄 Iterative Approach

MMFs are part of the iterative process, allowing for the continuous delivery of customer-valued functionality while reducing risk and increasing adaptability.

📈 Commercialization

MMFs are marketable features that can be sold or shipped, providing tangible value to users and addressing specific needs or problems.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"FDD","slug":"fdd---feature-driven-development","url":"/en/que-es/fdd---feature-driven-development","question":"What is FDD?","content":"Feature Driven Development, or Development Guided by Features, is an agile..."},{"title":"Design Sprint","slug":"design-sprint","url":"/en/que-es/design-sprint","question":"What is Design Sprint?","content":"Design Sprint is an agile product development process that allows the creat..."},{"title":"MVP","slug":"mvp---minimum-viable-product","url":"/en/que-es/mvp---minimum-viable-product","question":"What does MVP mean?","content":"A Minimum Viable Product (MVP) is a version of a product with the minimum n..."},{"title":"BDD","slug":"bdd","url":"/en/que-es/bdd","question":"What is BDD?","content":"Behavior Driven Development (BDD) is a software development process that ai..."},{"title":"BDFL (Benevolent Dictator For Life)","slug":"bdfl","url":"/en/que-es/bdfl","question":"What is a BDFL?","content":"BDFL stands for \"Benevolent Dictator For Life\" - a term describing the perm..."}]},{"title":"MRR","question":"What does MRR mean?","description":"It stands for Monthly Recurring Revenue.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["MRR","SaaS","business","revenue"],"published":true,"slug":"mmr","content":"

📊 Definition

Monthly Recurring Revenue (MRR) is a key metric used to measure the predictable and recurring income a company generates on a monthly basis.

🔍 Focus

MRR focuses on consistent revenue from subscriptions or contracts with monthly renewals, excluding one-time revenues such as upfront payments or single transactions. In SaaS models, MRR is calculated by summing up the monthly revenue generated from all active customers.

📈 Importance

MRR allows companies to understand their long-term financial health and predict future income more accurately. This is useful for monitoring growth, evaluating customer retention, and planning budgets and expansion strategies.

🛠️ Types of MRR

New MRR represents the revenue generated from new customers within a month. Expansion MRR reflects the increase in revenue from existing customers, such as through upgrades or additional sales. Churned MRR measures the revenue lost due to cancellations or plan downgrades.

🗓️ Regular Practice

Tracking MRR is essential for subscription-based businesses, as it helps measure the impact of sales and retention strategies, ensuring a steady revenue flow.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["es","fr","ko"],"related":[{"title":"QBR","slug":"qbr---quarterly-business-review","url":"/en/que-es/qbr---quarterly-business-review","question":"What does QBR mean?","content":"A QBR (Quarterly Business Review) is a strategic meeting held every quarter..."},{"title":"Three Amigos","slug":"three-amigos","url":"/en/que-es/three-amigos","question":"What does Three Amigos mean?","content":"\"Three Amigos\" is a collaborative practice in agile software development wh..."},{"title":"Input","slug":"input","url":"/en/que-es/input","question":"What does Input mean?","content":"The term Input refers to any information, data, or resource entered into a..."},{"title":"Multitasking","slug":"multitasking","url":"/en/que-es/multitasking","question":"What does multitasking mean?","content":"Multitasking, or multitasking, involves the concurrent performance of multi..."},{"title":"Portfolio","slug":"portfolio","url":"/en/que-es/portfolio","question":"What is a portfolio?","content":"A portfolio refers to the collection of projects, programs, and other work..."}]},{"title":"Mob Programming","question":"What is mob programming?","description":"It is a software development approach where a group of programmers works together at a single workstation.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["Extreme Programming","collaboration","development","pair programming"],"published":true,"slug":"mob-programming","content":"

🏉 Team Collaboration

Mob Programming is a software development approach where a group of programmers works together at a single workstation.

🔄 Role Rotation

Similar to pair programming, in mob programming, the team frequently rotates the role of 'driver' who actively writes the code, while the rest of the team provides real-time feedback and guidance.

📈 Collective Intelligence

Mob programming leverages the collective knowledge and expertise of the whole team to solve problems and develop software, potentially leading to higher-quality code.

🔀 Distribution

Unlike pair programming, where only two programmers are involved, mob programming involves a larger group, typically three or more programmers working together simultaneously.

🌐 Remote Collaboration

It can also be performed remotely, with programmers in different locations using collaborative tools to work together, such as VSCode's \"Live Share\".

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Three Amigos","slug":"three-amigos","url":"/en/que-es/three-amigos","question":"What does Three Amigos mean?","content":"\"Three Amigos\" is a collaborative practice in agile software development wh..."},{"title":"Pull Request (PR)","slug":"pull-request-pr","url":"/en/que-es/pull-request-pr","question":"What is a Pull Request (PR)?","content":"A Pull Request (PR) — also called a Merge Request (MR) in GitLab — is a for..."},{"title":"Pair Programming","slug":"pair-programming","url":"/en/que-es/pair-programming","question":"What is Pair Programming?","content":"Pair Programming is a software development technique where two programmers..."},{"title":"GitHub","slug":"github","url":"/en/que-es/github","question":"What is GitHub?","content":"GitHub is a platform for developers to host and manage their code, offering..."},{"title":"Beta","slug":"beta","url":"/en/que-es/beta","question":"What is a beta version?","content":"A beta version, also known as a preview, is a pre-release version of softwa..."}]},{"title":"Mockups","question":"What is a mockup?","description":"It is a static and visual representation of a product.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["UI","UX","design","mockup"],"published":true,"slug":"mockup","content":"

🖼️ Definition

A mockup is a static representation of a product, often used in product design and development to show how the final product might look and be used.

🎨 Elements

It includes design elements such as typography, logos, images, color schemes, and navigation visuals that are part of the final user experience.

🔍 Purpose

Mockups are used to present and evaluate design concepts, UI, and UX, allowing for feedback and iteration before the product is fully developed.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Figma","slug":"figma","url":"/en/que-es/figma","question":"What is Figma?","content":"Figma is a graphic design and prototyping tool widely used in the design an..."},{"title":"UX","slug":"ux---user-experience","url":"/en/que-es/ux---user-experience","question":"What does UX stand for?","content":"UX, or User Experience, is a strategy focused on providing the best possibl..."},{"title":"UI","slug":"ui---user-interface","url":"/en/que-es/ui---user-interface","question":"What does UI stand for?","content":"UI (User Interface) refers to the visual and interactive layer of a digital..."},{"title":"Wireframes","slug":"wireframe","url":"/en/que-es/wireframe","question":"What is a wireframe?","content":"A wireframe is a visual representation, usually in grayscale, that outlines..."},{"title":"Generative UI","slug":"generative-ui","url":"/en/que-es/generative-ui","question":"What is Generative UI?","content":"Generative UI refers to user interfaces that are dynamically created, modif..."}]},{"title":"Muda","question":"What is Muda?","description":"It is a Japanese term that translates as waste.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["kanban","lean","muda","waste","waste"],"published":true,"slug":"muda","content":"

📉 Definition

Muda is a Japanese term that translates as waste and refers to any activity within a process that does not add value to the final product or service.

🏭 Lean

Muda is a central concept in lean, aiming to eliminate waste to improve efficiency and productivity.

🚫 Types of Muda

There are two main types of muda: those activities that do not add value but are necessary, and those activities that do not add value and are unnecessary and should be eliminated.

🔢 TIMWOOD

Besides the above types, based on their nature, they are further categorized into seven types of waste, known by the acronym TIMWOOD, which include: Inventory, Transportation, Motion, Waiting, Overproduction, Overprocessing, and Defects.

🏗️ Origin

The concept of muda originated within the Toyota Production System (TPS) and is a fundamental principle of lean management.

💰 Business Impact

By reducing muda, organizations can improve operational efficiency, reduce costs, and enhance overall quality.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Waste","slug":"waste","url":"/en/que-es/waste","question":"What does waste mean?","content":"In Lean management, waste refers to any activity that consumes resources bu..."},{"title":"Pull System","slug":"pull","url":"/en/que-es/pull","question":"What is the Pull system?","content":"In Kanban, a Pull system is one where work is only initiated when there is..."},{"title":"Cost of Delay","slug":"cost-of-delay","url":"/en/que-es/cost-of-delay","question":"What is Cost of Delay?","content":"The Cost of Delay (CoD) represents the economic impact of a delay in the de..."},{"title":"Lead Time","slug":"lead-time","url":"/en/que-es/lead-time","question":"What is Lead Time?","content":"Lead Time, or delivery time, is the total duration from the start to the co..."},{"title":"Kanban","slug":"kanban","url":"/en/que-es/kanban","question":"What is Kanban?","content":"Kanban is a lean method for managing and improving work flows in production..."}]},{"title":"Multitasking","question":"What does multitasking mean?","description":"It involves the concurrent performance of multiple tasks.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["kanban","multitasking","wip","wip limit"],"published":true,"slug":"multitasking","content":"

🧠 Definition

Multitasking, or multitasking, involves the concurrent performance of multiple tasks, whether by a computer or a person.

💻 Machines

In computing, it refers to the simultaneous execution of multiple tasks by an operating system.

👩‍💼 Human Multitasking

For humans, it involves rapidly switching between tasks or performing several tasks in quick succession.

🚫 Productivity

Research in productivity and efficiency suggests that, although multitasking may seem efficient, it can actually reduce productivity and impair cognitive abilities due to the cost of context switching.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Pull System","slug":"pull","url":"/en/que-es/pull","question":"What is the Pull system?","content":"In Kanban, a Pull system is one where work is only initiated when there is..."},{"title":"Kanban","slug":"kanban","url":"/en/que-es/kanban","question":"What is Kanban?","content":"Kanban is a lean method for managing and improving work flows in production..."},{"title":"Cycle Time","slug":"cycle-time","url":"/en/que-es/cycle-time","question":"What is Cycle Time?","content":"Cycle time refers to the time it takes for an item to go through the produc..."},{"title":"Asana","slug":"asana","url":"/en/que-es/asana","question":"What is Asana?","content":"Asana is a project management software that helps teams organize, track, an..."},{"title":"CFD","slug":"cfd","url":"/en/que-es/cfd","question":"What is a CFD?","content":"A Cumulative Flow Diagram (CFD) is a visual tool used in Kanban to track th..."}]},{"title":"MVP","question":"What does MVP mean?","description":"It is a version of a product with just enough features to be used by early customers.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["MMF","MVP","lean startup","product"],"published":true,"slug":"mvp---minimum-viable-product","content":"

📊 Definition

A Minimum Viable Product (MVP) is a version of a product with the minimum necessary features required to be used by early adopters, who can provide feedback for future product development.

🚀 Purpose

The MVP is used to test a product hypothesis with minimal resources, speed up learning, and reduce engineering hours wasted on features that will not be used.

💡 Lean Startup

The concept is central in Lean Startup, emphasizing the importance of validated learning in the development of new products.

🔍 Iterative Development

MVPs allow for iterative development, where products are launched with basic features and then improved based on user feedback.

💰 Cost Savings

MVPs help to minimize the time and resources committed to building a product that may not succeed.

📈 Market Validation

They allow testing market demand for a product or business idea before a significant investment.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Market Fit","slug":"market-fit","url":"/en/que-es/market-fit","question":"What is Market Fit?","content":"Market fit occurs when a company's product satisfies a strong market demand..."},{"title":"MMF","slug":"mmf---minimum-marketable-feature","url":"/en/que-es/mmf---minimum-marketable-feature","question":"What does MMF mean?","content":"Minimum Marketable Feature, or Característica Mínima Comercializable, is th..."},{"title":"Backlog","slug":"backlog","url":"/en/que-es/backlog","question":"What is a Backlog?","content":"A backlog is an ordered list of work for a development team that is derived..."},{"title":"A/B Testing","slug":"test-a-b","url":"/en/que-es/test-a-b","question":"What are A/B Tests?","content":"A/B tests, also known as A/B split tests, are a method for comparing two ve..."},{"title":"Three Amigos","slug":"three-amigos","url":"/en/que-es/three-amigos","question":"What does Three Amigos mean?","content":"\"Three Amigos\" is a collaborative practice in agile software development wh..."}]},{"title":"Narrative Flow","question":"What is Narrative Flow in agile?","description":"A facilitation technique where ideas are shared through storytelling to build understanding and alignment in teams.","date":"2026-02-22","categories":["agile","communication","facilitation"],"published":true,"slug":"narrative-flow","content":"

📜 Definition

Narrative Flow is a facilitation technique used in agile environments where ideas, insights, and information are shared through structured storytelling to build understanding, empathy, and alignment within teams.

🎯 Purpose

It helps teams communicate complex ideas effectively by framing information as narratives rather than dry data points, making concepts more memorable and actionable.

🔧 How It Works

A facilitator sets the context and theme
Participants share stories related to the topic
The group identifies patterns, insights, and action items
Findings are documented and integrated into the team's work

💡 Practical Example

During a sprint retrospective, instead of listing what went wrong, team members share personal stories about their biggest challenge that sprint. This narrative approach surfaces deeper issues like communication gaps that a simple list would miss.

📈 Why It Matters

Narrative Flow transforms meetings from information dumps into collaborative sense-making sessions, leading to better decisions and stronger team alignment.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":[],"related":[{"title":"Kanban","slug":"kanban","url":"/en/que-es/kanban","question":"What is Kanban?","content":"Kanban is a lean method for managing and improving work flows in production..."},{"title":"Agile Release Train","slug":"agile-release-train","url":"/en/que-es/agile-release-train","question":"¿Qué es Agile Release Train?","content":"El Agile Release Train (ART) es un conjunto cohesionado de equipos Agile qu..."},{"title":"Disciplined Agile Delivery - DAD","slug":"dad---disciplined-agile-delivery","url":"/en/que-es/dad---disciplined-agile-delivery","question":"What is Disciplined Agile Delivery?","content":"Disciplined Agile Delivery (DAD) is a toolkit that provides a flexible appr..."},{"title":"Crystal Method","slug":"crystal-method","url":"/en/que-es/crystal-method","question":"What is Crystal Method?","content":"Crystal Method is a project management framework that prioritizes people an..."},{"title":"Discovery","slug":"discovery","url":"/en/que-es/discovery","question":"What is Discovery?","content":"Discovery is the process of determining what product or service to build, f..."}]},{"title":"Nexus","question":"What is Nexus?","description":"It is a Scrum scaling framework.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["Nexus","Scaling","Scrum","Scrum@Scaled"],"published":true,"slug":"nexus","content":"

🔗 Nexus Framework

Nexus is a framework developed by Ken Schwaber and scrum.org for scaling Scrum, minimizing and managing dependencies among multiple teams.

🎯 Objective

The goal of Nexus is to help teams deliver more value by reducing complexity and dependencies while preserving the fundamental principles of Scrum.

👥 Grouping

Nexus involves a group of approximately three to nine Scrum Teams working together to deliver a single product.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Scrumban","slug":"scrumban","url":"/en/que-es/scrumban","question":"What is Scrumban?","content":"Scrumban is a framework that combines the principles of Scrum and Kanban, o..."},{"title":"Sprint Zero","slug":"sprint-zero","url":"/en/que-es/sprint-zero","question":"What is a Sprint Zero?","content":"A Sprint Zero is a prelude to the formal sprint process in agile developmen..."},{"title":"Scrum of Scrums (SoS)","slug":"scrum-of-scrums","url":"/en/que-es/scrum-of-scrums","question":"What is Scrum of Scrums?","content":"Scrum of Scrums (SoS) is a scaling technique for coordinating work among mu..."},{"title":"Scrum@Scale","slug":"scrumscale","url":"/en/que-es/scrumscale","question":"What is Scrum@Scale?","content":"One of the biggest challenges for organizations using Scrum is expanding th..."},{"title":"Sprint","slug":"sprint","url":"/en/que-es/sprint","question":"What is a Sprint?","content":"A sprint is a short, fixed period during which a Scrum Team works to comple..."}]},{"title":"Niko-Niko","question":"What is Niko-Niko?","description":"It is a visual tool used to track the emotions of a team.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["Niko-Niko","Team"],"published":true,"slug":"niko-niko","content":"

🗓️ Description

The Niko-Niko calendar is a visual tool used to track the emotions of a team, also known as the happiness index.

🔍 Origin

Originating from Japan, the term 'Niko-Niko' means 'smile' and was created in 2005 in Yokohama, by Mrs. Sachiko Kuroda at Fujitsu Software Technologies Limited.

⚒️ Use

Team members place colored stickers or emojis on the calendar to represent their mood at the end of each workday, along with a brief explanation.

📈 Benefits

The calendar helps to quantify morale, mental well-being, and team momentum, providing an overview of team performance over time.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Planning Poker","slug":"planning-poker","url":"/en/que-es/planning-poker","question":"What is Planning Poker?","content":"Planning Poker is a technique used in Agile teams to estimate the effort re..."},{"title":"End-to-End Testing (E2E)","slug":"e2e-testing","url":"/en/que-es/e2e-testing","question":"What is End-to-End Testing?","content":"End-to-End (E2E) testing is a software testing technique that verifies the..."},{"title":"GitFlow","slug":"gitflow","url":"/en/que-es/gitflow","question":"What does GitFlow mean?","content":"GitFlow is a branching model for Git that assists in managing project branc..."},{"title":"Blended Learning","slug":"blended-learning","url":"/en/que-es/blended-learning","question":"What is blended learning?","content":"Blended Learning, also known as B-learning, is an educational approach that..."},{"title":"Beta","slug":"beta","url":"/en/que-es/beta","question":"What is a beta version?","content":"A beta version, also known as a preview, is a pre-release version of softwa..."}]},{"title":"OKRs","question":"What does OKR mean?","description":"The acronym stands for Objective and Key Result.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["KPI","Metric","OKR","Objectives"],"published":true,"slug":"okr","content":"

📅 Origin

OKRs were developed by Andrew Grove at Intel in the 1970s and later popularized by John Doerr, who introduced the concept to Google.

🎯 Meaning

OKRs (Objectives and Key Results) are a framework used to set and track objectives and their outcomes within an organization.

🎯 Objectives

The Objectives in OKRs should be clear, meaningful, and challenging. They should be formulated in a way that inspires and motivates the team. Furthermore, they should be aligned with the organization's mission and vision. A good objective is one that, although it may be difficult to achieve, is realistic and contributes to the growth and improvement of the organization.

🔑 Key Results

The Key Results in OKRs are the specific metrics used to measure progress towards achieving the Objectives. Key Results should be quantifiable, meaning they should be measurable in some way. For example, a Key Result could be \"Increase sales by 20%\".

🌐 Expansion

OKRs have been adopted by numerous large technology organizations, largely due to the influence of John Doerr.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"KPI","slug":"kpi---key-performance-indicator","url":"/en/que-es/kpi---key-performance-indicator","question":"What does KPI mean?","content":"Key Performance Indicator (KPI), or Key Performance Indicator, is a quantif..."},{"title":"QBR","slug":"qbr---quarterly-business-review","url":"/en/que-es/qbr---quarterly-business-review","question":"What does QBR mean?","content":"A QBR (Quarterly Business Review) is a strategic meeting held every quarter..."},{"title":"Prompt Engineering","slug":"prompt-engineering","url":"/en/que-es/prompt-engineering","question":"What is Prompt Engineering?","content":"Prompt Engineering is the practice of designing effective prompts to guide..."},{"title":"Sprint Zero","slug":"sprint-zero","url":"/en/que-es/sprint-zero","question":"What is a Sprint Zero?","content":"A Sprint Zero is a prelude to the formal sprint process in agile developmen..."},{"title":"MVP","slug":"mvp---minimum-viable-product","url":"/en/que-es/mvp---minimum-viable-product","question":"What does MVP mean?","content":"A Minimum Viable Product (MVP) is a version of a product with the minimum n..."}]},{"title":"Open Space","question":"What is an Open Space?","description":"It is an event format without a previous agenda and led by the participants themselves.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["Agile","Law of Two Feet","event","self-organization"],"published":true,"slug":"open-space","content":"

🔄 Definition

An Open Space is a participant-driven event format that allows for self-organization and the exploration of specific questions or themes within an Agile context.

🎯 Purpose

To quickly gather the best ideas from a large group of people on a particular topic, often within a short period of time.

👥 Participant-Led

The content and structure of the event are determined by the participants, not the organizers.

🔀 Self-Organization

Participants propose and schedule meetings to discuss specific topics, with the freedom to move between sessions as they see fit.

📅 Duration

Open Spaces typically last from half a day to two full days, with multiple simultaneous meetings.

📝 Four Principles

Whoever comes is the right person; whatever happens is the only thing that could have; whenever it starts is the right time; when it's over, it's over.

🦶 Law of Two Feet

The Law of Two Feet encourages participants to take responsibility for their own learning and contribution by moving to sessions that interest them.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Sprint","slug":"sprint","url":"/en/que-es/sprint","question":"What is a Sprint?","content":"A sprint is a short, fixed period during which a Scrum Team works to comple..."},{"title":"Sprint Planning","slug":"sprint-planning","url":"/en/que-es/sprint-planning","question":"What is Sprint Planning?","content":"Sprint Planning is the first event of a Sprint and lasts a maximum of eight..."},{"title":"Design Sprint","slug":"design-sprint","url":"/en/que-es/design-sprint","question":"What is Design Sprint?","content":"Design Sprint is an agile product development process that allows the creat..."},{"title":"Spike","slug":"spikes","url":"/en/que-es/spikes","question":"What is a Spike?","content":"A spike is a time-boxed research, investigation, or experimentation task us..."},{"title":"Human-in-the-Loop (HITL)","slug":"human-in-the-loop---hitl","url":"/en/que-es/human-in-the-loop---hitl","question":"What is Human-in-the-Loop?","content":"Human-in-the-Loop (HITL) is an AI approach that combines automated decision..."}]},{"title":"Opex","question":"What does Opex mean?","description":"It stands for Operational Expenditure (Operating Expense).","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["accounting","business management","finance","operations"],"published":true,"slug":"opex","content":"

💸 Definition

Opex (Operational Expenditure) refers to the daily operating expenses required to maintain a company’s regular activities and functions. These include costs like salaries, rent, utilities, maintenance, and supplies.

📉 Focus

Unlike Capex, these expenses are not capitalized but recorded as costs in the income statement during the period they are incurred. Their goal is to ensure the business’s continuous operation without generating long-term assets.

👥 Involvement

Primarily involves areas such as:

Finance (cash flow management).
Operations (daily cost optimization).
Human Resources (payroll and benefits expenses).

🔄 Regular Practice

Opex is essential for operational efficiency and short-term profitability. Sectors like services, retail, or technology often prioritize its control to maintain competitive margins and financial flexibility.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["es","fr"],"related":[{"title":"Capex","slug":"capex","url":"/en/que-es/capex","question":"What does Capex mean?","content":"Capex (Capital Expenditure) refers to the funds that a company invests in t..."},{"title":"SRE (Site Reliability Engineering)","slug":"sre","url":"/en/que-es/sre","question":"What is Site Reliability Engineering (SRE)?","content":"Site Reliability Engineering (SRE) is the practice of using software engine..."},{"title":"DevOps","slug":"devops","url":"/en/que-es/devops","question":"What is DevOps?","content":"DevOps is a software development philosophy that focuses on communication,..."},{"title":"API","slug":"api","url":"/en/que-es/api","question":"What is an API?","content":"An API, or Application Programming Interface, is a set of rules and protoco..."},{"title":"Scrum Master","slug":"scrum-master","url":"/en/que-es/scrum-master","question":"What is a Scrum Master?","content":"The Scrum Master is one of the three key roles in the Scrum framework, resp..."}]},{"title":"Pair Programming","question":"What is Pair Programming?","description":"It is a software development technique where two programmers work together at a single workstation.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["Mob Programming","collaboration","development"],"published":true,"slug":"pair-programming","content":"

⚙️ Definition

Pair Programming is a software development technique where two programmers work together at a single workstation, with two roles: the 'driver' writing the code and the 'observer' or 'navigator' reviewing each line of code.

🔄 Roles

The two programmers frequently switch roles, with the observer also considering the strategic direction of the work while the driver focuses on the tactical aspects.

👥 Collaboration

Pair Programming is a collaborative technique involving a lot of communication, with the goal of producing higher quality code and sharing knowledge.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"GitHub","slug":"github","url":"/en/que-es/github","question":"What is GitHub?","content":"GitHub is a platform for developers to host and manage their code, offering..."},{"title":"Three Amigos","slug":"three-amigos","url":"/en/que-es/three-amigos","question":"What does Three Amigos mean?","content":"\"Three Amigos\" is a collaborative practice in agile software development wh..."},{"title":"Mob Programming","slug":"mob-programming","url":"/en/que-es/mob-programming","question":"What is mob programming?","content":"Mob Programming is a software development approach where a group of program..."},{"title":"Pull Request (PR)","slug":"pull-request-pr","url":"/en/que-es/pull-request-pr","question":"What is a Pull Request (PR)?","content":"A Pull Request (PR) — also called a Merge Request (MR) in GitLab — is a for..."},{"title":"DevOps","slug":"devops","url":"/en/que-es/devops","question":"What is DevOps?","content":"DevOps is a software development philosophy that focuses on communication,..."}]},{"title":"Parking Lot","question":"What is a Parking Lot?","description":"It is a technique to improve focus during meetings.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["technique","timebox"],"published":true,"slug":"parking-lot","content":"

🅰️ Definition

A Parking Lot is a designated space, either physical or virtual, used to record and address topics, questions, or ideas that arise during meetings but are not relevant to the current discussion.

🚗 Purpose

It helps to keep the focus on the main agenda, prevents discussions from going off-topic, and ensures that all relevant matters are addressed at an appropriate time and within the agreed timebox.

📝 Usage

Participants can briefly jot down off-topic items in the Parking Lot, and the facilitator is responsible for revisiting and addressing these items after the main meeting.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"GitFlow","slug":"gitflow","url":"/en/que-es/gitflow","question":"What does GitFlow mean?","content":"GitFlow is a branching model for Git that assists in managing project branc..."},{"title":"End-to-End Testing (E2E)","slug":"e2e-testing","url":"/en/que-es/e2e-testing","question":"What is End-to-End Testing?","content":"End-to-End (E2E) testing is a software testing technique that verifies the..."},{"title":"Agile Coach","slug":"agile-coach","url":"/en/que-es/agile-coach","question":"What is an Agile Coach?","content":"An Agile Coach is an expert in agility who guides individuals, teams, and o..."},{"title":"Explainability","slug":"explainability","url":"/en/que-es/explainability","question":"What is AI Explainability?","content":"AI Explainability is the capability of artificial intelligence systems to p..."},{"title":"Asana","slug":"asana","url":"/en/que-es/asana","question":"What is Asana?","content":"Asana is a project management software that helps teams organize, track, an..."}]},{"title":"PBI","question":"What does PBI mean?","description":"It stands for Product Backlog Item.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["backlog","product backlog","scrum","sprint backlog"],"published":true,"slug":"pbi---product-backlog-item","content":"

📝 Definition

Product Backlog Item, or Element of the Product Backlog, is a term used in Scrum to represent a single requirement or piece of work that needs to be completed.

🎯 Importance

PBIs are essential for organizing and prioritizing the work that needs to be done, providing visibility and transparency to the entire team.

🔄 Nature

The Product Backlog is a living document that evolves as development progresses, with PBIs being updated, added, or removed based on the team's needs and feedback.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Product Owner","slug":"product-owner","url":"/en/que-es/product-owner","question":"What is a Product Owner?","content":"The Product Owner (PO) is a key role in Scrum, responsible for maximizing t..."},{"title":"Features","slug":"feature","url":"/en/que-es/feature","question":"What is a feature?","content":"A feature, or characteristic, is a portion of functionality that delivers v..."},{"title":"Backlog","slug":"backlog","url":"/en/que-es/backlog","question":"What is a Backlog?","content":"A backlog is an ordered list of work for a development team that is derived..."},{"title":"Discovery","slug":"discovery","url":"/en/que-es/discovery","question":"What is Discovery?","content":"Discovery is the process of determining what product or service to build, f..."},{"title":"Artifact","slug":"artifact","url":"/en/que-es/artifact","question":"What is an Artifact in Scrum?","content":"In the context of Scrum, an artifact is an element of the development proce..."}]},{"title":"Performance","question":"What is Performance in software?","description":"The measure of how efficiently a system responds, processes data, and uses resources under given conditions.","date":"2026-02-22","categories":["optimization","performance","quality"],"published":true,"slug":"performance","content":"

📊 Definition

Performance in software refers to the measure of how efficiently a system responds to user actions, processes data, and uses resources (CPU, memory, network) under given conditions.

🎯 Key Metrics

Response Time -- How fast the system responds to a request
Throughput -- Number of operations processed per unit of time
Latency -- Delay between a request and the start of a response
Resource Utilization -- How efficiently CPU, memory, and network are used

🔍 Why It Matters

Poor performance directly impacts user experience, conversion rates, and revenue. Studies show that a 1-second delay in page load time can reduce conversions by 7%.

💡 Practical Example

A web application takes 5 seconds to load. After profiling, the team identifies unoptimized database queries and large uncompressed images. By adding indexes and using image compression, they reduce load time to 1.2 seconds, improving user retention by 25%.

🛠️ Optimization Approaches

Code profiling and optimization
Caching strategies (CDN, in-memory, browser)
Database query optimization
Lazy loading and code splitting
Performance monitoring and alerting

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":[],"related":[{"title":"DoD - Definition of Done","slug":"dod-definition-of-done","url":"/en/que-es/dod-definition-of-done","question":"What is the Definition of Done?","content":"The Definition of Done, DoD, is a set of criteria that determines when a us..."},{"title":"CI","slug":"ci","url":"/en/que-es/ci","question":"What does CI mean?","content":"Continuous Integration (CI) is a software development practice where develo..."},{"title":"Tester","slug":"tester","url":"/en/que-es/tester","question":"What is a tester?","content":"A tester, also known as a test engineer or QA (Quality Assurance), is prima..."},{"title":"QA","slug":"qa---quality-assurance","url":"/en/que-es/qa---quality-assurance","question":"What does QA mean?","content":"Quality Assurance (QA) is the systematic process of ensuring that software..."},{"title":"Testing","slug":"test","url":"/en/que-es/test","question":"What is Testing?","content":"Testing, or test, is a procedure conducted to verify and validate the funct..."}]},{"title":"PI","question":"What does PI mean?","description":"It stands for Program Increment.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["Release Train","SAFe"],"published":true,"slug":"pi---program-increment","content":"

⏱️ Definition

Program Increment, or Increment of Program, is a period of 8 to 12 weeks during which an Agile Release Train (ART) delivers incremental value to a product.

📈 Purpose

To provide a fixed cadence for planning, building, and validating a complete system increment.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Agile Release Train","slug":"agile-release-train","url":"/en/que-es/agile-release-train","question":"¿Qué es Agile Release Train?","content":"El Agile Release Train (ART) es un conjunto cohesionado de equipos Agile qu..."},{"title":"SAFe","slug":"safe---scaled-agile-framework","url":"/en/que-es/safe---scaled-agile-framework","question":"What does SAFe mean?","content":"Scaled Agile Framework (SAFe) is a set of organizational patterns for imple..."},{"title":"PI Planning","slug":"pi-planning","url":"/en/que-es/pi-planning","question":"What does PI Planning mean?","content":"PI Planning, or Program Increment Planning, is an event within SAFe that al..."},{"title":"System Demo","slug":"system-demo","url":"/en/que-es/system-demo","question":"What is a System Demo?","content":"A System Demo is a significant event in the Scaled Agile Framework (SAFe) t..."},{"title":"Lead Time","slug":"lead-time","url":"/en/que-es/lead-time","question":"What is Lead Time?","content":"Lead Time, or delivery time, is the total duration from the start to the co..."}]},{"title":"PI Planning","question":"What does PI Planning mean?","description":"It is an event for planning the Program Increment.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["PI","SAFe","scaling"],"published":true,"slug":"pi-planning","content":"

📈 Definition

PI Planning, or Program Increment Planning, is an event within SAFe that aligns multiple teams to a shared mission and vision.

🤝 Purpose

It aims to create a shared understanding and commitment to the goals for the next Program Increment, which typically lasts from 8 to 12 weeks.

👥 Participants

The participating roles include the Product Manager, Product Owner, Release Train Engineer, Scrum Master, and Developer, who collaborate to plan and prioritize the work.

🗓️ Process

The event involves reviewing the Backlog, identifying dependencies, and setting clear goals for the Agile Release Train (ART).

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"System Demo","slug":"system-demo","url":"/en/que-es/system-demo","question":"What is a System Demo?","content":"A System Demo is a significant event in the Scaled Agile Framework (SAFe) t..."},{"title":"SAFe","slug":"safe---scaled-agile-framework","url":"/en/que-es/safe---scaled-agile-framework","question":"What does SAFe mean?","content":"Scaled Agile Framework (SAFe) is a set of organizational patterns for imple..."},{"title":"Agile Release Train","slug":"agile-release-train","url":"/en/que-es/agile-release-train","question":"¿Qué es Agile Release Train?","content":"El Agile Release Train (ART) es un conjunto cohesionado de equipos Agile qu..."},{"title":"Scrum of Scrums (SoS)","slug":"scrum-of-scrums","url":"/en/que-es/scrum-of-scrums","question":"What is Scrum of Scrums?","content":"Scrum of Scrums (SoS) is a scaling technique for coordinating work among mu..."},{"title":"PI","slug":"pi---program-increment","url":"/en/que-es/pi---program-increment","question":"What does PI mean?","content":"Program Increment, or Increment of Program, is a period of 8 to 12 weeks du..."}]},{"title":"Planning Poker","question":"What is Planning Poker?","description":"It is a technique used to estimate effort.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["XP","estimation","scrum","story points","user story"],"published":true,"slug":"planning-poker","content":"

🃏 Definition

Planning Poker is a technique used in Agile teams to estimate the effort required to complete a user story or task.

🤝 Estimation

The technique involves team members using a deck of cards to individually estimate the effort, then discussing and re-estimating until consensus is reached.

💬 Importance

The true significance of this technique lies not in the score reached, but in the dialogue it fosters within the team.

📈 Agile

It is commonly associated with Scrum and Extreme Programming - XP.

🔢 Fibonacci

The cards in the deck often follow the Fibonacci sequence to reflect the uncertainty in the estimation process and employ a relative measure that does not relate to time.

⭐ Introduction

The team member most familiar with a particular user story provides a brief overview, and the team may ask questions to clarify.

📝 Estimation

Each team member selects a card from their deck to represent their individual estimate without revealing it to the rest of the team to prevent swaying others.

💬 Discussion

The team discusses the estimates, aiming to understand any discrepancies or polarity and reach a consensus.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"DoD - Definition of Done","slug":"dod-definition-of-done","url":"/en/que-es/dod-definition-of-done","question":"What is the Definition of Done?","content":"The Definition of Done, DoD, is a set of criteria that determines when a us..."},{"title":"DoR - Definition of Ready","slug":"dor-definition-of-ready","url":"/en/que-es/dor-definition-of-ready","question":"What is the Definition of Ready?","content":"The Definition of Ready, DoR, is a set of criteria agreed upon by the Produ..."},{"title":"Burndown Chart","slug":"burndown-chart","url":"/en/que-es/burndown-chart","question":"What is a burndown chart?","content":"A burndown chart is a visual representation that shows the amount of work r..."},{"title":"Features","slug":"feature","url":"/en/que-es/feature","question":"What is a feature?","content":"A feature, or characteristic, is a portion of functionality that delivers v..."},{"title":"Burnup Chart","slug":"burnup-chart","url":"/en/que-es/burnup-chart","question":"What is a burnup chart?","content":"A burnup chart is a visual representation that shows the amount of work com..."}]},{"title":"PMBOK","question":"What is PMBOK?","description":"It stands for Project Management Body of Knowledge.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["PMBOK","PMI","Projects"],"published":true,"slug":"pmbok","content":"

📘 Definition

PMBOK is the body of knowledge in project management developed by the Project Management Institute (PMI) that provides Project Managers with fundamental concepts, best practices, and processes for project management.

🌐 Importance

PMBOK serves as a standard reference for project management and is regularly updated to reflect changes in the industry, including the incorporation of agile frameworks and change management models.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"PMI","slug":"pmi","url":"/en/que-es/pmi","question":"What does PMI mean?","content":"Project Management Institute, or PMI, is a non-profit organization focused..."},{"title":"PMP","slug":"pmp","url":"/en/que-es/pmp","question":"What does PMP mean?","content":"PMP is a credential offered by the Project Management Institute (PMI)..."},{"title":"Disciplined Agile Delivery - DAD","slug":"dad---disciplined-agile-delivery","url":"/en/que-es/dad---disciplined-agile-delivery","question":"What is Disciplined Agile Delivery?","content":"Disciplined Agile Delivery (DAD) is a toolkit that provides a flexible appr..."},{"title":"Portfolio","slug":"portfolio","url":"/en/que-es/portfolio","question":"What is a portfolio?","content":"A portfolio refers to the collection of projects, programs, and other work..."},{"title":"Pull Request (PR)","slug":"pull-request-pr","url":"/en/que-es/pull-request-pr","question":"What is a Pull Request (PR)?","content":"A Pull Request (PR) — also called a Merge Request (MR) in GitLab — is a for..."}]},{"title":"PMI","question":"What does PMI mean?","description":"It stands for Project Management Institute.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["PMBOK","PMI","PMP","Project"],"published":true,"slug":"pmi","content":"

🏢 Organization

Project Management Institute, or PMI, is a non-profit organization focused on improving knowledge surrounding project management.

📜 PMP Certification

PMI offers the PMP certification, which is a globally recognized standard for project managers.

📚 Body of Knowledge

The organization is not only dedicated to development but also to the publication of PMBOK, which is the most prestigious and recognized body of knowledge in the field of project management.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"PMP","slug":"pmp","url":"/en/que-es/pmp","question":"What does PMP mean?","content":"PMP is a credential offered by the Project Management Institute (PMI)..."},{"title":"PMBOK","slug":"pmbok","url":"/en/que-es/pmbok","question":"What is PMBOK?","content":"PMBOK is the body of knowledge in project management developed by the Proje..."},{"title":"Disciplined Agile Delivery - DAD","slug":"dad---disciplined-agile-delivery","url":"/en/que-es/dad---disciplined-agile-delivery","question":"What is Disciplined Agile Delivery?","content":"Disciplined Agile Delivery (DAD) is a toolkit that provides a flexible appr..."},{"title":"CFD","slug":"cfd","url":"/en/que-es/cfd","question":"What is a CFD?","content":"A Cumulative Flow Diagram (CFD) is a visual tool used in Kanban to track th..."},{"title":"Ground Truth","slug":"ground-truth","url":"/en/que-es/ground-truth","question":"What is Ground Truth in AI?","content":"Ground Truth in AI refers to the accurate, verified, or objectively correct..."}]},{"title":"PMP","question":"What does PMP mean?","description":"It stands for Project Management Professional.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["PMBOK","PMI","PMP","Project"],"published":true,"slug":"pmp","content":"

🎓 PMP Certification

PMP is a credential offered by the Project Management Institute (PMI).

🌍 Recognition

The PMP certification is recognized in 125 countries and is highly valued in the field of project management.

📚 Requirements

To earn the PMP certification, candidates must meet specific criteria for education, experience, and training, and pass a rigorous exam.

📖 PMBOK Guide

The certification is based on the PMBOK Guide, which compiles best practices in project management and is regularly updated to reflect industry standards.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"PMI","slug":"pmi","url":"/en/que-es/pmi","question":"What does PMI mean?","content":"Project Management Institute, or PMI, is a non-profit organization focused..."},{"title":"PMBOK","slug":"pmbok","url":"/en/que-es/pmbok","question":"What is PMBOK?","content":"PMBOK is the body of knowledge in project management developed by the Proje..."},{"title":"Disciplined Agile Delivery - DAD","slug":"dad---disciplined-agile-delivery","url":"/en/que-es/dad---disciplined-agile-delivery","question":"What is Disciplined Agile Delivery?","content":"Disciplined Agile Delivery (DAD) is a toolkit that provides a flexible appr..."},{"title":"Guardrails","slug":"guardrails","url":"/en/que-es/guardrails","question":"What are AI Guardrails?","content":"AI Guardrails are safety mechanisms, constraints, and filtering systems des..."},{"title":"Ground Truth","slug":"ground-truth","url":"/en/que-es/ground-truth","question":"What is Ground Truth in AI?","content":"Ground Truth in AI refers to the accurate, verified, or objectively correct..."}]},{"title":"Portfolio","question":"What is a portfolio?","description":"It is a strategic grouping of projects and programs.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["program","project"],"published":true,"slug":"portfolio","content":"

📊 Definition

A portfolio refers to the collection of projects, programs, and other work elements that are managed as a group to achieve strategic business objectives.

🎯 Prioritization

Projects are reprioritized as business needs change, ensuring that the most valuable work is always addressed.

📈 Transparency

The portfolio management process should be designed to be transparent, with clear visibility into project progress and decision-making.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Jira","slug":"jira","url":"/en/que-es/jira","question":"What is Jira?","content":"Jira is a proprietary software application developed by Atlassian for issue..."},{"title":"Performance","slug":"performance","url":"/en/que-es/performance","question":"What is Performance in software?","content":"Performance in software refers to the measure of how efficiently a system r..."},{"title":"Market Fit","slug":"market-fit","url":"/en/que-es/market-fit","question":"What is Market Fit?","content":"Market fit occurs when a company's product satisfies a strong market demand..."},{"title":"Multitasking","slug":"multitasking","url":"/en/que-es/multitasking","question":"What does multitasking mean?","content":"Multitasking, or multitasking, involves the concurrent performance of multi..."},{"title":"Mob Programming","slug":"mob-programming","url":"/en/que-es/mob-programming","question":"What is mob programming?","content":"Mob Programming is a software development approach where a group of program..."}]},{"title":"Postmortem","question":"What is a Postmortem?","description":"A retrospective analysis conducted after an incident or project to understand what happened and prevent recurrence.","date":"2026-02-22","categories":["continuous improvement","devops","incident management"],"published":true,"slug":"postmortem","content":"

🔍 Definition

A postmortem is a retrospective analysis conducted after an incident, outage, or project completion to understand what happened, what went well, what went wrong, and how to prevent similar issues in the future.

🎯 Purpose

Postmortems aim to identify root causes, learn from failures, and implement changes to enhance team performance and system reliability -- all in a blameless environment.

🛠️ Structure

Timeline -- What happened and when
Impact -- Who was affected and how severely
Root Cause -- The underlying reason for the failure
Contributing Factors -- What made things worse
Action Items -- Specific steps to prevent recurrence
Lessons Learned -- Key takeaways for the team

💡 Practical Example

After a 2-hour production outage caused by a database migration, the team conducts a blameless postmortem. They discover the migration was not tested against production-scale data. Action items include adding migration dry-runs in staging and implementing automated rollback procedures.

📈 Why It Matters

Organizations that consistently conduct blameless postmortems build a culture of learning and psychological safety, leading to more resilient systems and teams that are unafraid to innovate.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["es","sv"],"related":[{"title":"DORA Metrics","slug":"dora-metrics","url":"/en/que-es/dora-metrics","question":"What are DORA Metrics?","content":"DORA stands for DevOps Research and Assessment, a research group at Google..."},{"title":"CFD","slug":"cfd","url":"/en/que-es/cfd","question":"What is a CFD?","content":"A Cumulative Flow Diagram (CFD) is a visual tool used in Kanban to track th..."},{"title":"Release Candidate","slug":"release-candidate","url":"/en/que-es/release-candidate","question":"What is a Release Candidate (RC)?","content":"A Release Candidate (RC) is a version of software that has passed all plann..."},{"title":"Serverless","slug":"serverless","url":"/en/que-es/serverless","question":"What is Serverless computing?","content":"Serverless, despite its name, does not mean there are no servers involved..."},{"title":"Management 3.0","slug":"management-3-0","url":"/en/que-es/management-3-0","question":"What is Management 3.0?","content":"Management 3.0 is a leadership and management approach that focuses on the..."}]},{"title":"Product Backlog","question":"What is the Product Backlog?","description":"It is a prioritized list of all the work that needs to be done on a product.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["PBI","Product Owner","scrum"],"published":true,"slug":"product-backlog","content":"

📝 Definition

The Product Backlog is a prioritized list of all the work that needs to be done on a product, and it is the main artifact of the Product Owner in Scrum.

🎯 Purpose

It helps define and maintain the overall direction and vision for the product and serves as the single source of work input for the Scrum Team.

🔄 Iterative Refinement

As the team learns more about how to achieve the goal, Product Backlog items are refined to align with the Product Goal.

🔍 Visibility

It provides transparency to the entire Scrum Team regarding the work that needs to be done, aiding in effectively addressing Sprint Planning and Sprint Review.

📈 Prioritization

PBIs should be prioritized to ensure that the most valuable and important work is completed first.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Product Goal","slug":"product-goal","url":"/en/que-es/product-goal","question":"What is the Product Goal?","content":"The Product Goal, also known as the Product Objective, is a long-term objec..."},{"title":"Burndown Chart","slug":"burndown-chart","url":"/en/que-es/burndown-chart","question":"What is a burndown chart?","content":"A burndown chart is a visual representation that shows the amount of work r..."},{"title":"Artifact","slug":"artifact","url":"/en/que-es/artifact","question":"What is an Artifact in Scrum?","content":"In the context of Scrum, an artifact is an element of the development proce..."},{"title":"DoR - Definition of Ready","slug":"dor-definition-of-ready","url":"/en/que-es/dor-definition-of-ready","question":"What is the Definition of Ready?","content":"The Definition of Ready, DoR, is a set of criteria agreed upon by the Produ..."},{"title":"Framework","slug":"framework","url":"/en/que-es/framework","question":"What is a framework?","content":"A Framework, or work frame, is a supporting structure around which somethin..."}]},{"title":"Product Goal","question":"What is the Product Goal?","description":"It is a long-term objective that describes a future state of the product.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["Product Backlog","Product Owner","scrum","sprint goal"],"published":true,"slug":"product-goal","content":"

🎯 Definition

The Product Goal, also known as the Product Objective, is a long-term objective that describes a future state of the product, providing a clear path for the Scrum Team.

📈 Strategic Focus

It serves as a strategic focus for the team, guiding their work across multiple Sprints.

🔍 Transparency

The Product Goal is made visible through the Product Backlog, and the Product Owner is responsible for its development and explicit communication.

📘 Origin

In the 2020 version of the Scrum Guide, the concept of the Product Goal is introduced as a key element.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Product Backlog","slug":"product-backlog","url":"/en/que-es/product-backlog","question":"What is the Product Backlog?","content":"The Product Backlog is a prioritized list of all the work that needs to be..."},{"title":"Framework","slug":"framework","url":"/en/que-es/framework","question":"What is a framework?","content":"A Framework, or work frame, is a supporting structure around which somethin..."},{"title":"Artifact","slug":"artifact","url":"/en/que-es/artifact","question":"What is an Artifact in Scrum?","content":"In the context of Scrum, an artifact is an element of the development proce..."},{"title":"Sprint Backlog","slug":"sprint-backlog","url":"/en/que-es/sprint-backlog","question":"What is the Sprint Backlog?","content":"The Sprint Backlog is a set of items from the Product Backlog (PBI) chosen..."},{"title":"Agile Manifesto","slug":"agile-manifesto","url":"/en/que-es/agile-manifesto","question":"What is the Agile Manifesto?","content":"The Agile Manifesto is a document created on February 12, 2001, by 17 softw..."}]},{"title":"Product Owner","question":"What is a Product Owner?","description":"They are responsible for maximizing the value of the product.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["product backlog","product owner","scrum"],"published":true,"slug":"product-owner","content":"

👩‍💼 Definition

The Product Owner (PO) is a key role in Scrum, responsible for maximizing the value of the product and the work of the Scrum Team.

📝 Artifact

The PO's artifact is the Product Backlog, which is a prioritized list of work to be done on the product.

📢 Communication

The Product Owner is responsible for communicating the vision and objectives of the product to the team and stakeholders.

📑 Refinement

They are responsible for refining the Product Backlog, ensuring that the top-layer items are clear and known so that Sprint Planning can be conducted effectively.

🎯 Objectives

Defines the Product Goal, which is the purpose of the product.

🔒 Authority in Prioritization

Has the exclusive authority to prioritize items in the Product Backlog based on the value they will deliver, according to the criteria deemed appropriate.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"PBI","slug":"pbi---product-backlog-item","url":"/en/que-es/pbi---product-backlog-item","question":"What does PBI mean?","content":"Product Backlog Item, or Element of the Product Backlog, is a term used in..."},{"title":"Features","slug":"feature","url":"/en/que-es/feature","question":"What is a feature?","content":"A feature, or characteristic, is a portion of functionality that delivers v..."},{"title":"Developers","slug":"developer","url":"/en/que-es/developer","question":"What is a Developer?","content":"A Developer, also known as a software developer, is an expert in writing co..."},{"title":"Framework","slug":"framework","url":"/en/que-es/framework","question":"What is a framework?","content":"A Framework, or work frame, is a supporting structure around which somethin..."},{"title":"Backlog","slug":"backlog","url":"/en/que-es/backlog","question":"What is a Backlog?","content":"A backlog is an ordered list of work for a development team that is derived..."}]},{"title":"Prompt Engineering","question":"What is Prompt Engineering?","description":"The practice of designing effective prompts to guide AI behavior and improve output.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["ai","optimization"],"published":true,"slug":"prompt-engineering","content":"

🤖 Definition

Prompt Engineering is the practice of designing effective prompts to guide AI behavior and improve output quality, ensuring AI systems produce more accurate and relevant responses.

🎯 Purpose

Prompt engineering aims to maximize the effectiveness of AI interactions by crafting clear, specific instructions that help models understand context and produce desired outcomes.

⚙️ Function

This discipline involves iteratively testing and refining input prompts, using techniques like few-shot learning, chain-of-thought reasoning, and context optimization to achieve better AI performance.

🌟 Example

Reframing \"Summarize\" as \"Summarize in 3 concise bullets for executives\" to get more targeted, actionable summaries from an AI model.

🔗 Related

Prompt engineering is essential for working with Large Language Models and is closely connected to AI alignment and human-AI interaction design.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["cs","da","de","es","fr","it","nl","no","pl","pt","sv"],"related":[{"title":"Deterministic (AI)","slug":"deterministic","url":"/en/que-es/deterministic","question":"What does Deterministic mean in AI?","content":"Deterministic in AI refers to systems that produce exactly the same output..."},{"title":"Vibe Coding","slug":"vibe-coding","url":"/en/que-es/vibe-coding","question":"What is Vibe Coding?","content":"Vibe Coding is a programming approach coined by Andrej Karpathy in 2025, wh..."},{"title":"Benchmark (AI)","slug":"benchmark---ai","url":"/en/que-es/benchmark---ai","question":"What is an AI Benchmark?","content":"An AI Benchmark is a standardized test, dataset, or evaluation methodology..."},{"title":"AI (Artificial Intelligence)","slug":"ai---artificial-intelligence","url":"/en/que-es/ai---artificial-intelligence","question":"What is AI?","content":"AI, or Artificial Intelligence, is the broad field of creating systems that..."},{"title":"Copilot (AI)","slug":"copilot---ai","url":"/en/que-es/copilot---ai","question":"What is an AI Copilot?","content":"An AI Copilot is an artificial intelligence assistant designed to work alon..."}]},{"title":"Pull System","question":"What is the Pull system?","description":"It is one where work is only initiated when there is demand for it.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["jit","kanban","lean","waste","wip"],"published":true,"slug":"pull","content":"

🔄 Definition

In Kanban, a Pull system is one where work is only initiated when there is demand for it, as opposed to a Push system that relies on forecasts and can lead to overproduction.

📦 Just-in-Time

Pull systems are integral to the Just-in-Time (JIT) production model, where goods are produced to meet actual demand, reducing excess inventory and waste.

🚦 Kanban Signals

Kanban uses visual signals, such as cards and wip limits, to indicate when work should be started, linking production directly to customer demand.

📉 Waste Reduction

Pull systems help minimize waste by aligning production with actual demand, leading to more efficient use of resources.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Muda","slug":"muda","url":"/en/que-es/muda","question":"What is Muda?","content":"Muda is a Japanese term that translates as waste and refers to any activity..."},{"title":"Waste","slug":"waste","url":"/en/que-es/waste","question":"What does waste mean?","content":"In Lean management, waste refers to any activity that consumes resources bu..."},{"title":"Kanban","slug":"kanban","url":"/en/que-es/kanban","question":"What is Kanban?","content":"Kanban is a lean method for managing and improving work flows in production..."},{"title":"JIT - Just In Time","slug":"just-in-time---jit","url":"/en/que-es/just-in-time---jit","question":"What is Just In Time?","content":"Just In Time (JIT), or Just In Time, is a management strategy that aims to..."},{"title":"Lean","slug":"lean","url":"/en/que-es/lean","question":"What is Lean?","content":"Lean is the application of manufacturing principles to the development and..."}]},{"title":"Pull Request (PR)","question":"What is a Pull Request (PR)?","description":"A Pull Request is a request to merge code changes in Git. Learn the PR workflow, best practices for code reviews, PR size guidelines, and how to write effective PR descriptions.","date":"2026-02-22","categories":["DevOps","Git","PR","code review","collaboration","development"],"published":true,"slug":"pull-request-pr","content":"

What is a Pull Request (PR)?

A Pull Request (PR) — also called a Merge Request (MR) in GitLab — is a formal request to merge code changes from one branch into another within a version control repository. It is the primary mechanism for code collaboration in modern software development, enabling teams to review, discuss, and approve changes before they are integrated into the main codebase.

According to the 2024 State of DevOps Report by DORA (DevOps Research and Assessment), teams with effective code review practices through pull requests experience 25% fewer change failures and 30% faster recovery times when incidents occur. A study by SmartBear found that code review catches 60-90% of defects before they reach production, making PRs one of the most cost-effective quality assurance practices.

As Martin Fowler notes: \"Code reviews, done well through pull requests, are one of the most effective ways to improve code quality and share knowledge across a team. The key word is 'done well' — a rubber-stamp approval adds no value.\"

How Pull Requests Work

The PR Workflow

The standard pull request workflow follows these steps:

Create a branch: Developer creates a feature branch from the main branch
Make changes: Write code, add tests, update documentation
Push the branch: Push changes to the remote repository
Open a PR: Create a pull request with a title, description, and reviewers
Automated checks: CI/CD pipeline runs tests, linting, and other checks
Code review: Teammates review the code and provide feedback
Address feedback: Author makes requested changes and pushes updates
Approval: Reviewers approve the changes
Merge: The branch is merged into the target branch
Cleanup: The feature branch is deleted

Branching Strategies

The branching strategy determines how PRs flow through the repository:

Strategy	Description	Best For
GitFlow	Feature branches, develop, release, hotfix branches	Large teams, scheduled releases
GitHub Flow	Feature branches directly to main	Continuous deployment, small teams
Trunk-Based Development	Very short-lived branches, frequent merges	High-performing teams, CI/CD
Forking Workflow	PRs from forks of the repository	Open-source projects

Research from DORA shows that trunk-based development with short-lived branches (less than 1 day) correlates strongly with high-performing engineering teams.

Pull Request vs. Merge Request

The terms are functionally identical but used on different platforms:

Platform	Term	Shorthand
GitHub	Pull Request	PR
GitLab	Merge Request	MR
Bitbucket	Pull Request	PR
Azure DevOps	Pull Request	PR

The term \"pull request\" originates from the Git concept of \"pulling\" changes from one branch into another. GitLab chose \"merge request\" as a more intuitive description of the action being performed.

Writing Effective Pull Requests

PR Title

A good PR title is concise and descriptive:

Good: Add user authentication via OAuth 2.0
Good: Fix: Cart total not updating after item removal
Bad: Update code
Bad: WIP changes

Many teams adopt Conventional Commits format for PR titles:

feat: Add dark mode toggle to settings
fix: Resolve memory leak in WebSocket handler
refactor: Extract payment logic into service class
docs: Update API documentation for v2 endpoints
test: Add integration tests for checkout flow

PR Description

An effective PR description includes:

What: Summary of the changes
Why: Context and motivation (link to issue/ticket)
How: Technical approach and key decisions
Testing: How the changes were tested
Screenshots: For UI changes, before/after screenshots
Checklist: Verification items (tests pass, docs updated, etc.)

PR Description Template

## Summary Brief description of what this PR does. ## Related Issue Closes #123 ## Changes - Added X component - Updated Y service - Removed deprecated Z method ## How to Test 1. Navigate to /settings 2. Toggle dark mode 3. Verify all pages render correctly ## Screenshots | Before | After | |--------|-------| | [img] | [img] | ## Checklist - [ ] Tests pass - [ ] Documentation updated - [ ] No breaking changes

PR Size: How Big Should a Pull Request Be?

One of the most impactful factors in code review effectiveness is PR size.

Research on PR Size

A landmark study by SmartBear analyzing 10 million code review sessions found:

Review effectiveness drops dramatically after 200-400 lines of code
Reviewers can effectively review about 400 lines of code per hour
Beyond 400 lines, defect density found by reviewers drops by 50%
Reviews longer than 60 minutes show significantly diminished returns

Google's engineering practices recommend that \"small PRs are almost always better\" and set soft guidelines around 200-300 lines per review.

PR Size Guidelines

Size	Lines Changed	Review Time	Recommendation
XS	< 50	5-10 min	Ideal for bug fixes
S	50-200	15-30 min	Ideal for features
M	200-400	30-60 min	Acceptable
L	400-1000	1-2 hours	Should be split if possible
XL	1000+	2+ hours	Almost always should be split

Strategies for Smaller PRs

Stacked PRs: Break a feature into sequential PRs that build on each other
Feature flags: Deploy incomplete features behind feature flags to enable smaller merges
Refactoring first: Submit refactoring changes separately from feature changes
Interface-first: Define interfaces/contracts first, implement later

Code Review Best Practices

For Reviewers

Review promptly: Aim to provide feedback within 4 hours during work hours. Google's internal data shows that teams with faster review turnaround have higher developer satisfaction
Be constructive: Frame feedback as suggestions, not commands. \"Consider using X because...\" vs. \"This is wrong\"
Distinguish severity: Clearly indicate what's blocking vs. a suggestion vs. a nit
Focus on what matters: Architecture, logic bugs, security issues > style preferences
Approve when \"good enough\": Don't block PRs for minor style preferences
Ask questions: If you don't understand something, ask rather than assume it's wrong
Praise good work: Acknowledge clever solutions or clean code

For Authors

Self-review first: Review your own PR before requesting others
Keep PRs small: Smaller PRs get faster, better reviews
Write a good description: Help reviewers understand context
Respond to all comments: Even if just \"Done\" or \"Good point, fixed\"
Don't take it personally: Review feedback is about the code, not you
Be responsive: Address feedback promptly to keep the PR moving

Common Review Conventions

Prefix	Meaning
nit:	Minor style issue, non-blocking
suggestion:	Optional improvement idea
question:	Seeking understanding, not necessarily requesting a change
blocking:	Must be addressed before approval
praise:	Positive feedback on good work

Automated Checks in PRs

Modern PR workflows include automated checks that run before human review:

CI/CD Pipeline

Build: Verify the code compiles successfully
Unit tests: Run automated test suite
Integration tests: Verify component interactions
Linting: Check code style and formatting
Static analysis: Detect potential bugs and code smells
Security scanning: Identify vulnerabilities (SAST/DAST)
Coverage: Ensure test coverage meets thresholds

GitHub Actions Example

name: PR Checks on: pull_request jobs: test: runs-on: ubuntu-latest steps: - uses: actions/checkout@v4 - run: npm install - run: npm test - run: npm run lint

Branch Protection Rules

Most platforms support rules that prevent merging without:

Required number of approvals (typically 1-2)
Passing CI/CD checks
Up-to-date branch with target
Resolved conversations
Signed commits

PR Metrics and Analytics

Key Metrics

PR Cycle Time: Time from PR open to merge (target: < 24 hours)
Time to First Review: Time until the first review comment (target: < 4 hours)
Review Iterations: Number of review rounds needed (target: 1-2)
PR Size: Average lines changed per PR (target: < 400)
Merge Frequency: PRs merged per developer per week
Review Load: Number of reviews per developer per week

Industry Benchmarks

According to LinearB's Engineering Benchmarks report (2024):

Metric	Elite	High	Medium	Low
PR Cycle Time	< 6h	< 24h	< 72h	> 72h
Time to First Review	< 1h	< 4h	< 12h	> 24h
PR Size	< 100 LOC	< 200 LOC	< 400 LOC	> 400 LOC

Advanced PR Patterns

Draft PRs

Open a PR early in draft/WIP state to:

Get early architectural feedback
Signal to the team that work is in progress
Run CI/CD checks during development
Enable collaborative development

Stacked PRs

Break large features into a chain of dependent PRs:

main ← PR1 (data model) ← PR2 (API) ← PR3 (UI)

Each PR is small and reviewable, and they merge sequentially. Tools like Graphite and ghstack help manage stacked PRs.

Auto-merge

Configure PRs to merge automatically when all checks pass and required approvals are obtained. This reduces merge queue wait times.

Merge Queue

For high-traffic repositories, a merge queue ensures that PRs are tested against each other before merging, preventing \"merge skew\" where individually passing PRs conflict when combined.

PRs in Open Source

Pull requests are the lifeblood of open-source collaboration:

Fork and PR: Contributors fork the repository, make changes, and submit a PR
Contribution guidelines: Projects define standards in CONTRIBUTING.md
CLA/DCO: Some projects require legal agreements before accepting PRs
Maintainer review: Project maintainers review and merge community contributions

Major open-source projects like Linux, Kubernetes, and React receive thousands of PRs monthly, making effective PR processes essential.

Frequently Asked Questions

What's the difference between a PR and a commit?

A commit is an individual unit of change saved to the repository. A PR is a request to merge one or more commits from a branch into another branch. A single PR typically contains multiple commits.

Should I squash commits when merging?

It depends on team preference. Squash merge creates a clean history with one commit per PR. Merge commit preserves the full commit history. Rebase merge creates a linear history. Most teams prefer squash merge for cleaner git logs.

How many reviewers should a PR have?

Research suggests 1-2 reviewers is optimal. More than 2 reviewers shows diminishing returns — the additional reviewers tend to find the same issues. Google requires 1 approval; many teams require 2 for critical code paths.

What should I do if a PR has been open for too long?

If a PR is open for more than 48 hours without review, escalate politely. Mention it in daily standup, send a direct message, or use tools that track review SLAs. Stale PRs accumulate merge conflicts and slow the team.

Can I merge my own PR?

Some teams allow self-merge after approval. Others require a different person to click the merge button. The key is that at least one other person has reviewed and approved the code.

How do I handle merge conflicts in a PR?

Rebase your branch onto the latest target branch (git rebase main) or merge the target into your branch (git merge main). Resolve conflicts locally, test, and push. Regular rebasing prevents large conflict accumulations.

Related Terms

CI/CD — Continuous Integration / Continuous Delivery
Git — Version control system
DevOps — Development and operations culture
Code Review — Peer review of code changes
Feature Flag — Toggle features without deployment
Trunk-Based Development — Branching strategy

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["es","fr","ko"],"related":[{"title":"Pair Programming","slug":"pair-programming","url":"/en/que-es/pair-programming","question":"What is Pair Programming?","content":"Pair Programming is a software development technique where two programmers..."},{"title":"CI","slug":"ci","url":"/en/que-es/ci","question":"What does CI mean?","content":"Continuous Integration (CI) is a software development practice where develo..."},{"title":"Mob Programming","slug":"mob-programming","url":"/en/que-es/mob-programming","question":"What is mob programming?","content":"Mob Programming is a software development approach where a group of program..."},{"title":"ALM","slug":"alm","url":"/en/que-es/alm","question":"What does ALM stand for?","content":"ALM, or Application Lifecycle Management, refers to the process of managing..."},{"title":"DevOps","slug":"devops","url":"/en/que-es/devops","question":"What is DevOps?","content":"DevOps is a software development philosophy that focuses on communication,..."}]},{"title":"QA","question":"What does QA mean?","description":"It stands for Quality Assurance.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["development","quality","tester","testing"],"published":true,"slug":"qa---quality-assurance","content":"

📏 QA Definition

Quality Assurance (QA) is the systematic process of ensuring that software meets specified requirements and is free of defects before being released to users.

🛠️ Importance

The QA process is crucial for identifying and correcting defects, bugs, and issues in software, helping to deliver a reliable and high-quality product to end-users.

👩‍💻 Role

A QA Analyst is the role responsible for testing the software, creating test plans, and working alongside the rest of the team to ensure that the software functions as intended.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Testing","slug":"test","url":"/en/que-es/test","question":"What is Testing?","content":"Testing, or test, is a procedure conducted to verify and validate the funct..."},{"title":"Tester","slug":"tester","url":"/en/que-es/tester","question":"What is a tester?","content":"A tester, also known as a test engineer or QA (Quality Assurance), is prima..."},{"title":"Alpha","slug":"alpha","url":"/en/que-es/alpha","question":"What is an Alpha version?","content":"An Alpha version is an early stage of a software product, typically release..."},{"title":"Release Candidate","slug":"release-candidate","url":"/en/que-es/release-candidate","question":"What is a Release Candidate (RC)?","content":"A Release Candidate (RC) is a version of software that has passed all plann..."},{"title":"CI","slug":"ci","url":"/en/que-es/ci","question":"What does CI mean?","content":"Continuous Integration (CI) is a software development practice where develo..."}]},{"title":"QBR","question":"What does QBR mean?","description":"QBR stands for Quarterly Business Review, a strategic meeting to assess company performance. Learn how to prepare and run an effective QBR with templates, metrics, and best practices.","date":"2026-02-22","categories":["OKR","QBR","business","strategy"],"published":true,"slug":"qbr---quarterly-business-review","content":"

What is a QBR (Quarterly Business Review)?

A QBR (Quarterly Business Review) is a strategic meeting held every quarter to evaluate an organization's performance, review key metrics, and align on priorities for the upcoming quarter. In B2B SaaS, QBRs are a cornerstone of Customer Success, used to demonstrate value, prevent churn, and identify expansion opportunities.

According to Gainsight, a leading Customer Success platform, companies that conduct regular QBRs experience a 24% higher customer retention rate and an 18% higher NRR (Net Revenue Retention) compared to those that do not. Bain & Company estimates that 80% of future revenue growth comes from existing customers, making the QBR a critical tool for maximizing that potential.

As Lincoln Murphy, a well-known Customer Success thought leader, puts it: \"A QBR is not a metrics presentation. It's a strategic conversation about where we're going together. If your customer leaves the QBR without a clear vision of the next quarter, you've missed an opportunity.\"

QBR vs Other Business Review Types

Understanding how a QBR differs from other review formats helps you choose the right cadence and format:

Review Type	Frequency	Focus	Duration
QBR	Quarterly	Strategic results, planning	60-90 min
Sprint Review	Every 2-4 weeks	Product increment demo	30-60 min
Sprint Retrospective	Every 2-4 weeks	Team process improvement	60 min
Monthly Business Review	Monthly	Operational metrics	30-45 min
Annual Business Review	Yearly	Long-term strategy, budgets	Half or full day

The QBR strikes the ideal balance: frequent enough to course-correct, but spaced enough to measure meaningful progress.

Types of QBR

Internal QBR

Conducted within the organization to review departmental or team performance:

Participants: C-suite, directors, engineering managers, Tech Leads
Focus: Internal KPIs, progress on OKRs, team health
Outcome: Action plan and priorities for the next quarter

Customer QBR (B2B SaaS)

Held between a vendor and their client to evaluate the business relationship:

Participants: Account Manager, Customer Success Manager, client stakeholders
Focus: Value delivered, adoption metrics, ROI, expansion opportunities
Outcome: Renewed commitment, identified upsell/cross-sell opportunities

Product QBR

Focused on product strategy and roadmap:

Participants: Product Owners, Engineering Leads, Design, Stakeholders
Focus: Roadmap delivery, product metrics, user feedback
Outcome: Prioritized roadmap for the next quarter

QBR Agenda Template

A well-structured QBR follows a clear agenda. Here is a proven template:

1. Opening and Context (5-10 min)

Welcome and agenda overview
Recap of previous quarter's objectives
Market context or current business landscape

2. Results Review (20-30 min)

Presentation of key metrics and KPIs
Comparison against established targets
Analysis of variances (both positive and negative)
Lessons learned

3. Deep Dive on Key Areas (15-20 min)

Detailed analysis of 2-3 priority topics
Discussion of recurring issues
Showcase of standout initiatives

4. Next Quarter Planning (20-30 min)

Definition of objectives and OKRs
Risk identification and mitigation plans
Resource allocation and responsibilities
Priority setting

5. Wrap-up and Next Steps (5-10 min)

Summary of agreements and commitments
Action items assigned with owners and deadlines
Confirm the date for the next QBR

Total duration: 60-90 minutes. According to a Harvard Business Review analysis on executive meeting effectiveness, meeting productivity drops significantly after 90 minutes due to cognitive fatigue.

Key Metrics to Include in a QBR

The metrics you track depend on the type of QBR:

Internal Team QBR Metrics

Velocity or throughput: Team delivery capacity
Lead time and cycle time: Delivery speed
Defect rate: Bugs found in production
Service availability: Uptime and SLA compliance
Employee NPS or satisfaction surveys: Team health

Customer QBR Metrics (B2B SaaS)

NPS (Net Promoter Score): Customer satisfaction and loyalty
Adoption rate: Effective product usage
ROI demonstrated: Quantifiable return on investment
Support tickets resolved and SLAs met: Support quality
ARR and expansion revenue: Account growth
Churn risk indicators: Health score, login frequency, feature adoption

Product QBR Metrics

Adoption and engagement: Active users, retention
Feature usage: Most-used functionalities
Customer feedback: NPS, surveys, interviews
Roadmap delivery: Percentage of roadmap completed
Market share: Competitive positioning

QBR and OKRs: The Strategic Connection

OKRs (Objectives and Key Results), popularized by John Doerr in Measure What Matters (Portfolio/Penguin, 2018) and adopted by companies like Google, LinkedIn, and Spotify, are the natural complement to QBRs. According to Doerr, companies that use OKRs with a quarterly cadence are 40% more likely to achieve their strategic objectives. The typical cycle works like this:

Start of quarter: Define OKRs during the QBR
During the quarter: Track Key Results weekly or biweekly
End of quarter: Evaluate OKR achievement in the next QBR
Set new OKRs: Based on learnings from the previous quarter

This quarterly cadence provides the right balance between agility (adjusting every 3 months) and stability (allowing enough time to execute).

Best Practices for Running Effective QBRs

Preparation

Collect data in advance: Prepare metrics at least one week before the meeting
Send the agenda ahead of time: Participants should know what will be covered
Request input beforehand: Ask participants to share topics and concerns before the meeting
Prepare clear visualizations: Charts, dashboards, and tables that communicate data effectively

During the QBR

Respect the timebox: A QBR should not exceed 60-90 minutes
Encourage participation: Don't turn the QBR into a one-way presentation. Use a Parking Lot to capture off-topic items
Focus on insights, not just data: Data without interpretation doesn't drive action
Document agreements in real time: Use a shared document to capture action items
Be honest with results: Don't sugarcoat the numbers. Transparency builds trust

After the QBR

Send notes and action items within 24-48 hours: Don't let agreements fade
Track action items: Define a mechanism to monitor progress
Schedule the next QBR: Ideally, dates for the full year should be on the calendar

Common QBR Mistakes to Avoid

Only looking backward: The QBR should dedicate equal time to the future and the past
Death by PowerPoint: Too many slides with data nobody reads. Use interactive dashboards instead
No clear action items: Without concrete commitments, the QBR is just a conversation
Inviting too many people: QBRs are most effective with 5-10 key people
Canceling or postponing: The quarterly cadence must be respected. If postponed, momentum is lost
Not preparing: Improvising a QBR shows lack of professionalism and wastes everyone's time

QBR in Technology Companies

In the tech world, QBRs have distinct characteristics:

Product teams use them to review roadmap and product metrics
Customer Success conducts them with enterprise clients to demonstrate value and prevent churn
Engineering uses them to review technical debt, incidents, and team capacity
SaaS companies combine them with metrics like ARR, churn rate, expansion revenue, and NRR

Common tools for preparing QBRs in tech:

Dashboards: Looker, Grafana, Datadog, Metabase
Presentations: Google Slides, Pitch, Notion
OKR tracking: Lattice, Ally.io, Perdoo, Notion
Project management: Jira, Linear, Asana

Frequently Asked Questions About QBR

How long should a QBR last?

Between 60 and 90 minutes is ideal. Productivity drops significantly after 90 minutes due to cognitive fatigue. If you need more time, you're likely trying to cover too many topics.

Who should lead the QBR?

It depends on the type. For internal QBRs, typically the manager or area director. For customer QBRs, the Account Manager or Customer Success Manager. The key is having a clear facilitator who manages the agenda and time.

Can a QBR be done remotely?

Yes, and it's increasingly common. Keys to an effective remote QBR: cameras on, shared document for live notes, online-accessible dashboards, and breakout rooms for group discussions if there are many participants.

What's the difference between a QBR and a retrospective?

A retrospective focuses on the team's process (how we work) and happens every sprint. A QBR focuses on business results (what we achieved) and happens every quarter. They're complementary: retrospectives improve the process, QBRs review the results.

Do small teams need QBRs?

Yes, though they can be more informal. Even a team of 3-5 people benefits from pausing each quarter to review results and plan ahead. The key is adapting the format to the team's scale.

What's the difference between a QBR and a Monthly Business Review?

A Monthly Business Review (MBR) focuses on operational metrics and short-term execution. A QBR takes a broader strategic view, evaluating quarterly progress and setting direction for the next quarter. Many organizations use both: MBRs for tactical alignment and QBRs for strategic planning.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Customer Centricity","slug":"customer-centricity","url":"/en/que-es/customer-centricity","question":"What does Customer Centricity mean?","content":"Customer Centricity is a business strategy that prioritizes placing the cus..."},{"title":"MRR","slug":"mmr","url":"/en/que-es/mmr","question":"What does MRR mean?","content":"Monthly Recurring Revenue (MRR) is a key metric used to measure the predict..."},{"title":"OKRs","slug":"okr","url":"/en/que-es/okr","question":"What does OKR mean?","content":"OKRs were developed by Andrew Grove at Intel in the 1970s and later popular..."},{"title":"Three Amigos","slug":"three-amigos","url":"/en/que-es/three-amigos","question":"What does Three Amigos mean?","content":"\"Three Amigos\" is a collaborative practice in agile software development wh..."},{"title":"Impact Map","slug":"impact-mapping","url":"/en/que-es/impact-mapping","question":"What is Impact Mapping?","content":"Impact Mapping is a visual technique used to help teams focus on the goals..."}]},{"title":"RAG (Retrieval-Augmented Generation)","question":"What is RAG?","description":"A technique that enhances large language model outputs by incorporating information from external knowledge sources.","date":"2026-02-22","categories":["ai","nlp","retrieval"],"published":true,"slug":"rag","content":"

🤖 Definition

RAG, or Retrieval-Augmented Generation, is a technique that enhances the output of large language models (LLMs) by incorporating information from external knowledge sources, enabling more accurate and contextually relevant responses.

🎯 Purpose

RAG allows LLMs to access up-to-date and domain-specific information without retraining, improving factual accuracy and reducing hallucinations by grounding responses in verifiable knowledge sources.

⚙️ How It Works

RAG uses a knowledge library that stores information from various sources in a common format, processed into numerical representations (embeddings). When a query is made, the system searches this library to retrieve the correct contextual information, which is then used by the LLM to generate responses.

🌟 Practical Example

A customer service chatbot powered by RAG can retrieve specific company policies, product manuals, or recent updates to provide accurate and current answers that go beyond its base training data.

🔗 Related

Connected to Vector Databases, Semantic Search, Embeddings, Language Models, and Knowledge Management systems.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","it","nl","no","pt","sv"],"related":[{"title":"Instruction-Following Model","slug":"instruction-following-model","url":"/en/que-es/instruction-following-model","question":"What is an Instruction-Following Model?","content":"An instruction-following model is an artificial intelligence system specifi..."},{"title":"Large Language Model (LLM)","slug":"large-language-model---llm","url":"/en/que-es/large-language-model---llm","question":"What is a Large Language Model?","content":"A Large Language Model (LLM) is an AI model trained on vast text data to un..."},{"title":"GPT","slug":"gpt","url":"/en/que-es/gpt","question":"What is GPT?","content":"GPT (Generative Pre-trained Transformer) is a type of large language model..."},{"title":"Copilot (AI)","slug":"copilot---ai","url":"/en/que-es/copilot---ai","question":"What is an AI Copilot?","content":"An AI Copilot is an artificial intelligence assistant designed to work alon..."},{"title":"Explainability","slug":"explainability","url":"/en/que-es/explainability","question":"What is AI Explainability?","content":"AI Explainability is the capability of artificial intelligence systems to p..."}]},{"title":"Release","question":"What is a release?","description":"It is a specific version of software that has been completed, tested, and made available for use.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["PRE","PRO","release candidate","software","staging"],"published":true,"slug":"release","content":"

🚀 Definition

A release, or launch, refers to a specific version of software that has been completed, tested, and made available for use by end-users.

🎯 Objectives

The main goal is to ensure that the software is delivered in a controlled and predictable manner, meeting quality and service level requirements.

🔄 Importance

Releases are significant milestones in software development, often including new features, performance enhancements, and bug fixes.

🔖 Version Vs. Release

While a release is a version of software, not all software versions are considered releases; a release is a version that is made public for use.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"SOLID","slug":"solid","url":"/en/que-es/solid","question":"What are the SOLID principles?","content":"The SOLID principles were introduced by Robert C. Martin, also known as Unc..."},{"title":"Tech Lead","slug":"tech-lead","url":"/en/que-es/tech-lead","question":"What is a Tech Lead?","content":"A Tech Lead (TL), also known as Technical Lead or Technical Leader, is a se..."},{"title":"TDD","slug":"tdd---test-driven-development","url":"/en/que-es/tdd---test-driven-development","question":"What is Test Driven Development (TDD)?","content":"Test-Driven Development (TDD) is a programming approach that emphasizes wri..."},{"title":"Testing","slug":"test","url":"/en/que-es/test","question":"What is Testing?","content":"Testing, or test, is a procedure conducted to verify and validate the funct..."},{"title":"WET","slug":"wet","url":"/en/que-es/wet","question":"What does WET mean?","content":"The WET principle, translating to 'Write Everything Twice' or 'We Enjoy Typ..."}]},{"title":"Release Candidate","question":"What is a Release Candidate (RC)?","description":"A Release Candidate (RC) is the final pre-release version of software before official launch. Learn the full release cycle from Alpha to Beta to RC to RTM.","date":"2026-02-22","categories":["alm","development","devops","release","testing"],"published":true,"slug":"release-candidate","content":"

What is a Release Candidate (RC)?

A Release Candidate (RC) is a version of software that has passed all planned testing and is considered potentially ready for production release. It represents the final stage before the official, stable version is published. If no critical bugs are found during the RC phase, the RC becomes the official release without further code changes.

According to the IEEE Standard 1012-2016 on software verification and validation, the release candidate phase serves as the \"final quality gate\" where software must demonstrate it meets all specified requirements and is free of known critical defects. The DORA (DevOps Research and Assessment) team at Google Cloud found that organizations with well-defined release processes, including structured RC phases, experience 3x fewer change failure rates than those without (Forsgren, Humble & Kim, Accelerate, IT Revolution Press, 2018).

As Martin Fowler, Chief Scientist at ThoughtWorks, notes: \"The whole point of continuous delivery is to make releases boring. A release candidate should be just another step in the pipeline, not a stressful event.\" (martinfowler.com)

The Software Release Lifecycle

Software progresses through several maturity stages before reaching users. Understanding these stages is essential for effective release management.

Pre-Alpha

The earliest phase of development where core features are being built. The software is incomplete, unstable, and not suitable for any external testing. This phase includes:

Architecture prototyping
Core feature implementation
Internal developer testing

Alpha

The alpha version is the first feature-complete (or near-complete) build of the software. Key characteristics:

Audience: Internal team members, QA engineers
Stability: Unstable; crashes and major bugs are expected
Purpose: Validate that core features work at a basic level
Duration: Varies widely; weeks to months depending on project size

Alpha testing typically uncovers fundamental design issues and major functional defects. According to Capers Jones (Applied Software Measurement, McGraw-Hill, 2008), approximately 85% of severe defects are found during the alpha phase in well-managed projects.

Beta

The beta version is more stable than alpha and is released to a wider audience for real-world testing. There are two types:

Closed Beta (Private Beta):

Limited to invited users or specific groups
Participants sign NDAs or agree to testing terms
Feedback is structured and tracked

Open Beta (Public Beta):

Available to anyone who wants to participate
Larger volume of feedback, more diverse testing conditions
Often used as a marketing strategy to build anticipation

Notable beta programs include:

Google famously kept Gmail in beta for 5 years (2004-2009), processing feedback from millions of users
Microsoft runs the Windows Insider Program with over 10 million participants who test pre-release builds
Apple offers public betas of iOS and macOS through the Apple Beta Software Program

Statistically, beta testing catches 60-70% of user-facing defects that survive alpha testing (Jones, The Economics of Software Quality, 2011).

Release Candidate (RC)

The RC phase comes after beta and represents the \"we think this is ready\" stage:

Audience: Internal QA, select external testers, staging environments
Stability: Should be production-ready; only critical bugs warrant fixes
Purpose: Final validation before committing to the official release
Duration: Typically 1-4 weeks, depending on risk tolerance

RC numbering convention:

v3.0.0-rc.1 — First release candidate
v3.0.0-rc.2 — Second candidate (if rc.1 had critical issues)
v3.0.0 — Final release (if rc.2 is approved)

Release to Manufacturing / General Availability

RTM (Release to Manufacturing): Traditional term from when software was distributed on physical media. The code is \"done\" and ready for duplication.
GA (General Availability): The modern equivalent, indicating the software is available to all customers through digital distribution.
RTW (Release to Web): Specific to web-based distribution.

Post-Release

After GA, the release lifecycle continues with:

Service Packs / Point Releases: Cumulative updates (e.g., v3.0.1, v3.0.2)
Hotfixes: Emergency patches for critical production issues
End of Life (EOL): The version is no longer supported or updated

The Complete Release Pipeline

Pre-Alpha → Alpha → Beta → RC.1 → [RC.2...] → GA/RTM ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ Internal Internal Public Final QA Production Dev Only QA Testing Validation Release

RC Testing: What Gets Tested

During the Release Candidate phase, testing focuses on validation rather than discovery. The goal is to confirm the software is ready, not to find new issues.

Types of RC Testing

Test Type	Purpose	Tools
Regression testing	Verify existing features still work	Selenium, Cypress, Playwright
Smoke testing	Quick sanity check of critical paths	Custom test suites
Performance testing	Confirm system handles expected load	JMeter, k6, Locust
Security scanning	Final vulnerability assessment	OWASP ZAP, Snyk, SonarQube
UAT (User Acceptance)	Business stakeholders verify requirements	Manual testing
Compatibility testing	Verify across browsers, OS, devices	BrowserStack, Sauce Labs
Disaster recovery	Test backup, restore, and failover	Custom procedures

Go/No-Go Decision

The RC phase culminates in a go/no-go decision. According to ITIL 4 (IT Infrastructure Library), this decision should be made by a Change Advisory Board (CAB) or release authority based on:

Test pass rate: Are all critical and high-priority test cases passing?
Open defects: Are there any unresolved critical or blocker bugs?
Performance benchmarks: Does the RC meet SLAs for response time, throughput, etc.?
Security scan results: Are all critical vulnerabilities addressed?
Stakeholder sign-off: Has the Product Owner approved the functionality?
Rollback plan: Is there a tested procedure to revert if issues arise?

Semantic Versioning and Release Candidates

The Semantic Versioning specification (semver.org) defines how release candidates fit into the versioning scheme:

MAJOR.MINOR.PATCH-prerelease+buildmetadata

Pre-release versions:

1.0.0-alpha.1 — Alpha release
1.0.0-beta.1 — Beta release
1.0.0-rc.1 — Release candidate

Precedence rules (from lowest to highest):

1.0.0-alpha.1 < 1.0.0-alpha.2 < 1.0.0-beta.1 < 1.0.0-rc.1 < 1.0.0-rc.2 < 1.0.0

This means package managers (npm, pip, Maven) correctly order pre-release versions, allowing users to opt into or avoid RC builds.

Release Candidates in Different Ecosystems

Linux Kernel

The Linux kernel follows a well-defined RC cycle managed by Linus Torvalds:

Merge window (2 weeks): New features are accepted
RC cycle (6-8 weeks): rc1 through rc7 (or more)
Final release: When Torvalds deems the code stable

Each kernel RC is available at kernel.org and is tested by thousands of developers worldwide. According to Linux Foundation data, the kernel 6.x series averaged 7 release candidates per version.

Chrome/Chromium

Google Chrome uses a 4-channel release process:

Canary: Daily builds, highly unstable
Dev: Weekly updates, somewhat stable
Beta: Updated every 2 weeks, release candidate equivalent
Stable: The production release, updated every 4 weeks

Enterprise Software (SAP, Oracle, Microsoft)

Enterprise vendors often have extended RC phases due to the impact of failures:

Extended testing periods: 4-12 weeks of RC testing
Customer validation programs: Key customers test RCs in their environments
Staged rollouts: GA released to regions/customers in phases

Best Practices for Release Candidates

1. Freeze the code

Once an RC is created, apply a code freeze. Only critical bug fixes should be allowed. Every non-critical change increases risk and invalidates prior testing.

2. Use the same build artifacts

The RC binary/container should be the exact same artifact that becomes the GA release. Do not rebuild the code between RC approval and GA. As Jez Humble and David Farley state in Continuous Delivery (Addison-Wesley, 2010): \"You should only ever build your binaries once. Any time you build from source, you risk introducing differences.\"

3. Test in production-like environments

RC testing should occur in environments that mirror production as closely as possible:

Same infrastructure (or equivalent)
Realistic data volumes
Same network configuration
Same security controls

4. Define clear exit criteria

Before creating the RC, define what \"ready for release\" means:

Zero critical/blocker bugs
Performance within defined SLAs
All security scans clean
Documentation updated
Release notes written

5. Automate the RC pipeline

Modern CI/CD pipelines can automate RC creation:

# Example GitHub Actions workflow for RC name: Create Release Candidate on: workflow_dispatch: inputs: version: description: 'RC version (e.g., 2.1.0-rc.1)' required: true jobs: create-rc: runs-on: ubuntu-latest steps: - uses: actions/checkout@v4 - name: Run full test suite run: npm test - name: Run security scan run: npm audit --production - name: Build release artifact run: npm run build - name: Create GitHub Release uses: softprops/action-gh-release@v1 with: tag_name: v${{ inputs.version }} prerelease: true files: dist/*

6. Communicate clearly

Stakeholders need to know:

What is included in the RC
What has changed since the last RC (if applicable)
Known issues and workarounds
Timeline for go/no-go decision
Rollback procedure if issues are found post-release

Common Pitfalls

\"Just one more fix\" syndrome

Adding non-critical fixes to an RC is one of the most common mistakes. Each change requires re-testing and resets the confidence clock. As the saying goes: \"A release candidate with changes is not a release candidate.\"

Insufficient RC testing time

Rushing through the RC phase to meet deadlines defeats its purpose. A 2019 study by the Consortium for Information & Software Quality (CISQ) estimated that poor software quality costs the U.S. economy $2.08 trillion annually, with a significant portion attributable to inadequate pre-release testing.

No rollback plan

Releasing without a tested rollback procedure is like flying without a parachute. The DORA research shows that elite teams can recover from failures in under 1 hour because they invest in rollback automation.

FAQ

How many Release Candidates should we expect?

Ideally, 1-2 RCs per release. If you consistently need 3+ RCs, it suggests issues upstream in the development or testing process. The Linux kernel averages 7 RCs, but that reflects the scale and complexity of an OS kernel with millions of lines of code.

What is the difference between RC and Beta?

A beta is for discovering new issues through broader testing — bugs are expected. An RC is for confirming that all known issues are resolved — it should be production-ready. Beta testing is exploratory; RC testing is confirmatory.

Can we skip the RC phase?

In Continuous Delivery environments with mature CI/CD pipelines, every successful build is effectively a release candidate. The formal RC phase may be replaced by automated quality gates. However, for major releases, new products, or regulated industries, an explicit RC phase provides valuable risk mitigation.

What happens if a critical bug is found in an RC?

Fix the bug in the codebase
Create a new RC (increment the RC number: rc.1 → rc.2)
Re-run the full RC test suite on the new candidate
Repeat the go/no-go evaluation
Never patch an existing RC — always create a new one

How does Release Candidate relate to DevOps?

In DevOps culture, the RC concept evolves from a discrete phase to a continuous quality gate. With practices like trunk-based development, feature flags, and canary releases, the traditional RC phase is replaced by automated pipelines that validate every commit. The DORA metrics (deployment frequency, lead time, change failure rate, mean time to recovery) provide quantitative measures of how effectively a team manages the journey from code change to production release.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"QA","slug":"qa---quality-assurance","url":"/en/que-es/qa---quality-assurance","question":"What does QA mean?","content":"Quality Assurance (QA) is the systematic process of ensuring that software..."},{"title":"Alpha","slug":"alpha","url":"/en/que-es/alpha","question":"What is an Alpha version?","content":"An Alpha version is an early stage of a software product, typically release..."},{"title":"CD","slug":"cd","url":"/en/que-es/cd","question":"What is CD?","content":"Continuous Deployment, or Continuous Delivery, is a software engineering ap..."},{"title":"Staging","slug":"staging","url":"/en/que-es/staging","question":"What is a Staging environment?","content":"Staging in software development refers to the practice of creating a separa..."},{"title":"Testing","slug":"test","url":"/en/que-es/test","question":"What is Testing?","content":"Testing, or test, is a procedure conducted to verify and validate the funct..."}]},{"title":"IT Roadmap","question":"What is an IT roadmap?","description":"In IT, a roadmap is a visual representation of a strategic plan that aligns the organization's technological resources with its short- and long-term business objectives.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["IT","roadmap","strategic planning"],"published":true,"slug":"roadmap","content":"

🗺️ Roadmap Definition

In IT, a roadmap is a visual representation of a strategic plan that aligns the organization's technological resources with its short- and long-term business objectives.

🔗 Link to Strategy

It serves as a guide for technology-related initiatives, outlining the necessary technologies, development timelines, resource requirements, and potential challenges.

👩‍💻 Agile Tool

Roadmaps are commonly used in agile methodologies to communicate the technological strategy within the organization and to external stakeholders.

📈 Strategic Planning

They are a powerful tool for managing and communicating the evolution of technology within the organization.

📱 Product Roadmap

Focuses on the development and improvement of a specific product, often incorporating user feedback and market trends.

🖥️ Technology Roadmap

Aligns technological initiatives with business objectives, detailing the implementation of new technologies and their impact on the organization.

📊 Strategic Roadmap

Provides a long-term vision for the organization's technological landscape, guiding major technology-related projects over several years.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Backbone","slug":"backbone","url":"/en/que-es/backbone","question":"What is the Backbone in User Story Mapping?","content":"In a User Story Map, the Backbone or main structure represents the high-lev..."},{"title":"Impact Map","slug":"impact-mapping","url":"/en/que-es/impact-mapping","question":"What is Impact Mapping?","content":"Impact Mapping is a visual technique used to help teams focus on the goals..."},{"title":"Design Thinking","slug":"design-thinking","url":"/en/que-es/design-thinking","question":"What is Design Thinking?","content":"Design Thinking is a process for solving problems that focuses on understan..."},{"title":"Downstream","slug":"downstream","url":"/en/que-es/downstream","question":"What is downstream?","content":"Refers to the activities from the receipt of a request to the completion of..."},{"title":"Extreme Programming - XP","slug":"extreme-programming---xp","url":"/en/que-es/extreme-programming---xp","question":"What is Extreme Programming?","content":"Extreme Programming or XP is an agile software development framework that f..."}]},{"title":"ROI","question":"What does ROI mean?","description":"It stands for Return on Investment.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["ROI","financial metrics","profitability"],"published":true,"slug":"roi---return-of-invest","content":"

🔍 Definition

Return on Investment, or ROI, is a financial metric used to evaluate the profitability of an investment relative to its cost.

📈 Calculation

ROI is calculated by subtracting the initial investment from the final value of the investment, dividing the result by the initial investment, and then multiplying by 100 to express the result as a percentage.

📊 Formula

ROI = [(Gain - Investment) / Investment] x 100

🧮 Example

If an investment of 10,000 euros generates 15,000 euros, the ROI would be (15,000 - 10,000) / 10,000 X 100 = 50%.

🔢 Interpretation

A 50% ROI means that for every dollar invested, there is a return of $1.50, including the initial investment.

📈 Importance

ROI is crucial for businesses as it aids in decision-making by providing a clear measure of the financial success of an investment.

🎯 Application

It is widely used in marketing to assess the performance of campaigns and generally in business to evaluate the efficiency of various investments.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"UX","slug":"ux---user-experience","url":"/en/que-es/ux---user-experience","question":"What does UX stand for?","content":"UX, or User Experience, is a strategy focused on providing the best possibl..."},{"title":"WIP","slug":"wip---work-in-progress","url":"/en/que-es/wip---work-in-progress","question":"What does WIP mean?","content":"Work In Progress (WIP) refers to tasks or products that are in the process..."},{"title":"Scrum@Scale","slug":"scrumscale","url":"/en/que-es/scrumscale","question":"What is Scrum@Scale?","content":"One of the biggest challenges for organizations using Scrum is expanding th..."},{"title":"Scrum","slug":"scrum","url":"/en/que-es/scrum","question":"What is Scrum?","content":"Scrum is an Agile framework designed to develop adaptive solutions to compl..."},{"title":"Tech Lead","slug":"tech-lead","url":"/en/que-es/tech-lead","question":"What is a Tech Lead?","content":"A Tech Lead (TL), also known as Technical Lead or Technical Leader, is a se..."}]},{"title":"Rollback","question":"What does rollback mean?","description":"Rollback refers to the process of reverting a system or application to a previous state.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["CI/CD","DevOps","software development","systems"],"published":true,"slug":"rollback","content":"

📝 Definition

Rollback is a term used in software development and system administration to describe the process of reverting a system, application, or database to a previous state, typically in response to an error or issue identified in a recent deployment.

🎯 Importance

Rollback is critical for maintaining the stability and functionality of a system when an update or change causes errors, ensuring minimal negative impact on end users.

🔄 Nature

Rollbacks can be planned as part of a deployment strategy, incorporating techniques like database versioning, system backups, or CI/CD configurations. The goal is to ensure any failure can be mitigated quickly and effectively.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["de","es","fr","ko","pt"],"related":[{"title":"Build","slug":"build","url":"/en/que-es/build","question":"What is a build?","content":"In software development, a build refers to both the process of converting s..."},{"title":"DevOps","slug":"devops","url":"/en/que-es/devops","question":"What is DevOps?","content":"DevOps is a software development philosophy that focuses on communication,..."},{"title":"Canary Release","slug":"canary-release","url":"/en/que-es/canary-release","question":"What is a Canary Release?","content":"A Canary Release is a deployment strategy used in software development to r..."},{"title":"CI/CD","slug":"ci-cd","url":"/en/que-es/ci-cd","question":"What are Continuous Integration (CI) and Continuous Deployment (CD)?","content":"CI involves the frequent integration of code changes into a shared reposito..."},{"title":"ALM","slug":"alm","url":"/en/que-es/alm","question":"What does ALM stand for?","content":"ALM, or Application Lifecycle Management, refers to the process of managing..."}]},{"title":"SAFe","question":"What does SAFe mean?","description":"It stands for","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["SAFe","agile","scaling"],"published":true,"slug":"safe---scaled-agile-framework","content":"

🔍 Definition

Scaled Agile Framework (SAFe) is a set of organizational patterns for implementing agile practices at enterprise scale.

🏢 Purpose

Its goal is to enable companies to apply an agile framework across the organization, fostering flexibility, innovation, and a rapid response to customer needs.

🎯 ART

One of the key elements of SAFe is the Agile Release Train (ART).

👎 Criticism

SAFe is the most criticized scaling framework within Agile communities. One of the main criticisms it receives is not addressing the transformation from a cultural perspective and only focusing on techniques.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Disciplined Agile Delivery - DAD","slug":"dad---disciplined-agile-delivery","url":"/en/que-es/dad---disciplined-agile-delivery","question":"What is Disciplined Agile Delivery?","content":"Disciplined Agile Delivery (DAD) is a toolkit that provides a flexible appr..."},{"title":"Agile Release Train","slug":"agile-release-train","url":"/en/que-es/agile-release-train","question":"¿Qué es Agile Release Train?","content":"El Agile Release Train (ART) es un conjunto cohesionado de equipos Agile qu..."},{"title":"Scrum@Scale","slug":"scrumscale","url":"/en/que-es/scrumscale","question":"What is Scrum@Scale?","content":"One of the biggest challenges for organizations using Scrum is expanding th..."},{"title":"Scrum of Scrums (SoS)","slug":"scrum-of-scrums","url":"/en/que-es/scrum-of-scrums","question":"What is Scrum of Scrums?","content":"Scrum of Scrums (SoS) is a scaling technique for coordinating work among mu..."},{"title":"System Demo","slug":"system-demo","url":"/en/que-es/system-demo","question":"What is a System Demo?","content":"A System Demo is a significant event in the Scaled Agile Framework (SAFe) t..."}]},{"title":"Scope","question":"What is Scope?","description":"It includes all the tasks necessary to successfully complete the project.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["cost","projects","time","triangle"],"published":true,"slug":"scope","content":"

📚 Definition

When we talk about scope, we refer to the set of tasks, work, and deliverables that must be completed within a project.

🔗 Relationship

It is one of the three key components, along with time and cost, of the \"iron triangle\" model for project management.

📏 Fixed Parameter

In the iron triangle model, \"scope\" is often considered a fixed parameter in traditional project management, meaning that changes to it can affect the other two components.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","da","de","el","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Timeboxing","slug":"timebox","url":"/en/que-es/timebox","question":"What is timeboxing?","content":"A timebox is a time management concept that assigns a specific and predefin..."},{"title":"CI","slug":"ci","url":"/en/que-es/ci","question":"What does CI mean?","content":"Continuous Integration (CI) is a software development practice where develo..."},{"title":"Canary Release","slug":"canary-release","url":"/en/que-es/canary-release","question":"What is a Canary Release?","content":"A Canary Release is a deployment strategy used in software development to r..."},{"title":"Banner Blindness","slug":"banner-blindness","url":"/en/que-es/banner-blindness","question":"What is Banner Blindness?","content":"Banner Blindness is a psychological and behavioral phenomenon observed in i..."},{"title":"CD","slug":"cd","url":"/en/que-es/cd","question":"What is CD?","content":"Continuous Deployment, or Continuous Delivery, is a software engineering ap..."}]},{"title":"Scrum","question":"What is Scrum?","description":"It is a framework that helps generate value through adaptive solutions.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["agile","scrum"],"published":true,"slug":"scrum","content":"

🔍 Definition

Scrum is an Agile framework designed to develop adaptive solutions to complex problems, emphasizing the delivery of value through iterative and incremental progress, team collaboration, and adaptability to changing requirements.

🤝 Collaboration

It is designed to facilitate a team's ability to self-organize and make rapid decisions in response to complex and changing needs.

📈 Incremental Iterative Focus

The solution scope is addressed through 'Sprints', short iterations of up to a month, commonly 2 weeks, where each iteration produces a deliverable product increment.

🎯 Focus on Value

Scrum prioritizes the delivery of the highest value features to the customer early and regularly, over the Product Owner's ordered Backlog.

🧭 Scrum Roles

Scrum establishes specific roles: the Scrum Master, who ensures adherence to Scrum practices; the Product Owner, who defines the product needs; and the Developers, responsible for materializing the solutions that make up the product.

📝 Scrum Artifacts

The main artifacts of Scrum are the Product Backlog, a list of everything that is needed for the product; the Sprint Backlog, the commitment to the solutions that will be developed in the next Sprint; and the Increment, the set of completed items, ready to be delivered.

🕒 Scrum Events

Scrum determines the following events: Sprint, Sprint Planning, Daily Scrum, Sprint Review, and Sprint Retrospective.

💡 Scrum Values

Scrum is based on Commitment, Courage, Focus, Openness, and Respect. These key values foster an environment of collaboration and shared responsibility within the team.

🏛 Pillars of Scrum

Scrum rests on the pillars of Transparency, Inspection, and Adaptation. These pillars support the agile process, promoting visibility, continuous evaluation, and flexibility to adapt to changes.

📘 Scrum Guide

The Scrum Guide offers an essential and practical understanding of the agile framework in an accessible format. Ideal for those looking to implement Scrum, download the Scrum guide for free.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Scrum Master","slug":"scrum-master","url":"/en/que-es/scrum-master","question":"What is a Scrum Master?","content":"The Scrum Master is one of the three key roles in the Scrum framework, resp..."},{"title":"Blockages","slug":"blockages","url":"/en/que-es/blockages","question":"What is a blockage?","content":"In frameworks like Scrum and Kanban, a 'blockage' refers to any obstacle th..."},{"title":"DoD - Definition of Done","slug":"dod-definition-of-done","url":"/en/que-es/dod-definition-of-done","question":"What is the Definition of Done?","content":"The Definition of Done, DoD, is a set of criteria that determines when a us..."},{"title":"Burnup Chart","slug":"burnup-chart","url":"/en/que-es/burnup-chart","question":"What is a burnup chart?","content":"A burnup chart is a visual representation that shows the amount of work com..."},{"title":"Agile Manifesto","slug":"agile-manifesto","url":"/en/que-es/agile-manifesto","question":"What is the Agile Manifesto?","content":"The Agile Manifesto is a document created on February 12, 2001, by 17 softw..."}]},{"title":"Scrum Master","question":"What is a Scrum Master?","description":"It is the role responsible for establishing Scrum within the organization or team.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["agile","framework","role","scrum"],"published":true,"slug":"scrum-master","content":"

👨‍💼 Definition

The Scrum Master is one of the three key roles in the Scrum framework, responsible for establishing Scrum and ensuring that the team and organization understand its theory and adhere to its practices.

🔄 Impediments

The Scrum Master aids the team in continuous improvement by facilitating the removal of impediments and creating space for the team to self-manage and be cross-functional.

📊 Metrics and Reporting

Helps the team understand and use metrics to observe progress and identify areas for improvement.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Developers","slug":"developer","url":"/en/que-es/developer","question":"What is a Developer?","content":"A Developer, also known as a software developer, is an expert in writing co..."},{"title":"Self-Management","slug":"self-management","url":"/en/que-es/self-management","question":"What is Self-Management?","content":"In the context of Scrum, self-management refers to the concept of teams man..."},{"title":"Agile Coach","slug":"agile-coach","url":"/en/que-es/agile-coach","question":"What is an Agile Coach?","content":"An Agile Coach is an expert in agility who guides individuals, teams, and o..."},{"title":"Crystal Method","slug":"crystal-method","url":"/en/que-es/crystal-method","question":"What is Crystal Method?","content":"Crystal Method is a project management framework that prioritizes people an..."},{"title":"Blockages","slug":"blockages","url":"/en/que-es/blockages","question":"What is a blockage?","content":"In frameworks like Scrum and Kanban, a 'blockage' refers to any obstacle th..."}]},{"title":"Scrum of Scrums (SoS)","question":"What is Scrum of Scrums?","description":"It is a method for coordinating work among multiple Scrum teams.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["Scrum","agile","scaling"],"published":true,"slug":"scrum-of-scrums","content":"

🔄 Definition

Scrum of Scrums (SoS) is a scaling technique for coordinating work among multiple teams practicing Scrum in an Agile software development environment.

📜 Context

The Scrum of Scrums was formalized by Jeff Sutherland in 2001 as a technique to address the need for coordination and alignment when multiple teams are working on a single product or a family of products within the Scrum framework.

👥 Representatives

Each team designates a representative/ambassador to participate in a sort of Daily Scrum only for sub-team representatives called Scrum of Scrums.

⏱ Time Limit

The meeting should not exceed 30 minutes, and the focus is on coordination and addressing any dependencies or impediments between teams.

🔗 Scalability

The SoS can be further scaled by having a Scrum of Scrums of Scrums, allowing coordination across multiple levels within the organization.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Scrum@Scale","slug":"scrumscale","url":"/en/que-es/scrumscale","question":"What is Scrum@Scale?","content":"One of the biggest challenges for organizations using Scrum is expanding th..."},{"title":"Scrumban","slug":"scrumban","url":"/en/que-es/scrumban","question":"What is Scrumban?","content":"Scrumban is a framework that combines the principles of Scrum and Kanban, o..."},{"title":"SAFe","slug":"safe---scaled-agile-framework","url":"/en/que-es/safe---scaled-agile-framework","question":"What does SAFe mean?","content":"Scaled Agile Framework (SAFe) is a set of organizational patterns for imple..."},{"title":"Disciplined Agile Delivery - DAD","slug":"dad---disciplined-agile-delivery","url":"/en/que-es/dad---disciplined-agile-delivery","question":"What is Disciplined Agile Delivery?","content":"Disciplined Agile Delivery (DAD) is a toolkit that provides a flexible appr..."},{"title":"Top-Down","slug":"top-down","url":"/en/que-es/top-down","question":"What does Top-Down mean in transformation?","content":"In the context of agile transformation, the 'top-down' approach refers to a..."}]},{"title":"Scrumban","question":"What is Scrumban?","description":"It is a framework that combines the principles of Scrum and Kanban.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["Kanban","Scrum","agile"],"published":true,"slug":"scrumban","content":"

🔄 Definition

Scrumban is a framework that combines the principles of Scrum and Kanban, offering a flexible approach to product management.

🔍 Origin

The term 'Scrumban' was coined by Corey Ladas, and the framework is designed to help teams transition between Scrum and Kanban or to operate in a hybrid manner.

🎯 Focus

The method emphasizes continuous improvement and efficiency while maintaining a balance between structure and flexibility.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Scrum@Scale","slug":"scrumscale","url":"/en/que-es/scrumscale","question":"What is Scrum@Scale?","content":"One of the biggest challenges for organizations using Scrum is expanding th..."},{"title":"Scrum of Scrums (SoS)","slug":"scrum-of-scrums","url":"/en/que-es/scrum-of-scrums","question":"What is Scrum of Scrums?","content":"Scrum of Scrums (SoS) is a scaling technique for coordinating work among mu..."},{"title":"SAFe","slug":"safe---scaled-agile-framework","url":"/en/que-es/safe---scaled-agile-framework","question":"What does SAFe mean?","content":"Scaled Agile Framework (SAFe) is a set of organizational patterns for imple..."},{"title":"Agile Coach","slug":"agile-coach","url":"/en/que-es/agile-coach","question":"What is an Agile Coach?","content":"An Agile Coach is an expert in agility who guides individuals, teams, and o..."},{"title":"Scrum","slug":"scrum","url":"/en/que-es/scrum","question":"What is Scrum?","content":"Scrum is an Agile framework designed to develop adaptive solutions to compl..."}]},{"title":"Scrum@Scale","question":"What is Scrum@Scale?","description":"It is a framework for naturally extending the core of the Scrum framework.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["Scrum","agile","scaling"],"published":true,"slug":"scrumscale","content":"

🔄 Definition

One of the biggest challenges for organizations using Scrum is expanding the core of the framework beyond individual teams. Scrum@Scale, developed by Dr. Jeff Sutherland, co-creator of Scrum, is a framework that allows for this natural expansion of the core framework to enhance coordination and results at an organizational level.

🏢 Organization

Its goal is to help organizations achieve business agility by providing a structure for systems and processes to grow organically from the unique conditions of the organization.

🔬 Empirical Control

The framework is based on the pillars of empirical process control and Scrum values, focusing on transparency, inspection, and adaptation.

📚 Guide

The official Scrum@Scale guide provides a comprehensive understanding of the framework and its components. You can access it for free through this link.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Scrum of Scrums (SoS)","slug":"scrum-of-scrums","url":"/en/que-es/scrum-of-scrums","question":"What is Scrum of Scrums?","content":"Scrum of Scrums (SoS) is a scaling technique for coordinating work among mu..."},{"title":"Disciplined Agile Delivery - DAD","slug":"dad---disciplined-agile-delivery","url":"/en/que-es/dad---disciplined-agile-delivery","question":"What is Disciplined Agile Delivery?","content":"Disciplined Agile Delivery (DAD) is a toolkit that provides a flexible appr..."},{"title":"SAFe","slug":"safe---scaled-agile-framework","url":"/en/que-es/safe---scaled-agile-framework","question":"What does SAFe mean?","content":"Scaled Agile Framework (SAFe) is a set of organizational patterns for imple..."},{"title":"Scrumban","slug":"scrumban","url":"/en/que-es/scrumban","question":"What is Scrumban?","content":"Scrumban is a framework that combines the principles of Scrum and Kanban, o..."},{"title":"Scrum Master","slug":"scrum-master","url":"/en/que-es/scrum-master","question":"What is a Scrum Master?","content":"The Scrum Master is one of the three key roles in the Scrum framework, resp..."}]},{"title":"Self-Management","question":"What is Self-Management?","description":"Allowing teams to decide and manage their own work.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["agile","empowerment","scrum"],"published":true,"slug":"self-management","content":"

🔍 Definition

In the context of Scrum, self-management refers to the concept of teams managing themselves, where team members are empowered to make decisions and manage their own work.

📚 Origin

The term 'self-management' was introduced in the 2020 Scrum Guide update, emphasizing the self-organizing nature of Scrum teams.

👥 Empowerment

Self-management involves granting teams a higher level of autonomy, responsibility, and collaboration, leading to maximized teamwork and value delivery.

📈 Decision-Making

Self-managed Scrum teams are responsible for their own decisions, within the boundaries set by Scrum, to deliver value increments.

🚫 Defined Boundaries

While self-management empowers teams, Scrum also provides boundaries to ensure an ideal environment for personal growth and team collaboration.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","da","de","el","fi","fr","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Scrum Master","slug":"scrum-master","url":"/en/que-es/scrum-master","question":"What is a Scrum Master?","content":"The Scrum Master is one of the three key roles in the Scrum framework, resp..."},{"title":"Dual Track","slug":"dual-track","url":"/en/que-es/dual-track","question":"What is Dual Track?","content":"A project management approach that combines the iterative and flexible natu..."},{"title":"Backlog","slug":"backlog","url":"/en/que-es/backlog","question":"What is a Backlog?","content":"A backlog is an ordered list of work for a development team that is derived..."},{"title":"Agile Manifesto","slug":"agile-manifesto","url":"/en/que-es/agile-manifesto","question":"What is the Agile Manifesto?","content":"The Agile Manifesto is a document created on February 12, 2001, by 17 softw..."},{"title":"Burnup Chart","slug":"burnup-chart","url":"/en/que-es/burnup-chart","question":"What is a burnup chart?","content":"A burnup chart is a visual representation that shows the amount of work com..."}]},{"title":"Self-Organization","question":"What is Self-Organization?","description":"Allowing teams to decide how to work.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["agile","empowerment"],"published":true,"slug":"self-organization","content":"

🔍 Definition

Self-organization in Agile refers to teams having the autonomy to make decisions about how to work together, distribute responsibilities, and carry out their tasks.

📈 Emergent Design

Self-organization is linked to the Agile Manifesto principle: \"The best designs and solutions emerge from self-organizing teams.\"

🤝 Collaboration

Self-organization requires constant communication and decision-making, leading to better teamwork.

🎓 Learning

Teams learn from each other, fostering mentoring, communities of practice, and knowledge sharing.

🔑 Shared Responsibility

Members are more engaged when they have a voice in decisions, leading to greater accountability throughout the development process from ideation to delivery.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","da","de","el","fi","fr","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no"],"related":[{"title":"Bottom-Up","slug":"bottom-up","url":"/en/que-es/bottom-up","question":"What is the Bottom-Up transformation approach?","content":"In Agile transformation, the Bottom-Up approach means that teams and indivi..."},{"title":"Self-Management","slug":"self-management","url":"/en/que-es/self-management","question":"What is Self-Management?","content":"In the context of Scrum, self-management refers to the concept of teams man..."},{"title":"SAFe","slug":"safe---scaled-agile-framework","url":"/en/que-es/safe---scaled-agile-framework","question":"What does SAFe mean?","content":"Scaled Agile Framework (SAFe) is a set of organizational patterns for imple..."},{"title":"Throughput","slug":"throughput","url":"/en/que-es/throughput","question":"What is throughput?","content":"In the Kanban method, 'throughput' is used to describe the total number of..."},{"title":"Agile Alliance","slug":"agile-alliance","url":"/en/que-es/agile-alliance","question":"What is the Agile Alliance?","content":"Agile Alliance is a global non-profit organization dedicated to promoting t..."}]},{"title":"Senior","question":"What is a Senior?","description":"It is a developer with a high level of knowledge of the language and the technology stack.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["role","senior","team"],"published":true,"slug":"senior","content":"

👨‍💻 Role Definition

A senior developer typically has more than 5 years of experience, with a high level of knowledge of the language and the technology stack used.

🕰️ Experience

The 'senior' title is not based solely on years of experience, but also on the natural aptitude and soft skills demonstrated by the individual.

📈 Leadership

Within organizations, senior developers are expected to actively advise and assist junior team members.

🧠 Problem Solving

They are responsible for turning ideas into well-thought-out and implementable solutions, often guiding others in the process.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Junior","slug":"junior","url":"/en/que-es/junior","question":"What is a junior?","content":"A junior developer typically has 0 to 3 years of experience, with some know..."},{"title":"Agile Coach","slug":"agile-coach","url":"/en/que-es/agile-coach","question":"What is an Agile Coach?","content":"An Agile Coach is an expert in agility who guides individuals, teams, and o..."},{"title":"Framework","slug":"framework","url":"/en/que-es/framework","question":"What is a framework?","content":"A Framework, or work frame, is a supporting structure around which somethin..."},{"title":"Architect","slug":"architect","url":"/en/que-es/architect","question":"What is an Architect?","content":"The term 'computer architecture' was first used by IBM around 1959, referri..."},{"title":"Stakeholders","slug":"stakeholder","url":"/en/que-es/stakeholder","question":"What is a Stakeholder?","content":"A stakeholder is any individual or group of individuals with an interest in..."}]},{"title":"Servant Leadership","question":"What is a Servant Leader?","description":"It is a philosophy where the main goal of the leader is to serve others.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["agile","leadership","management 3.0"],"published":true,"slug":"servant-leadership","content":"

👥 Definition

Servant Leadership is a philosophy where the main goal of the leader is to serve others, focusing on their well-being and growth.

🌱 Key Principle

The servant leader shares power, puts the needs of their team first, and helps people develop and perform to their highest potential.

🔄 Contrast

Unlike traditional leadership, which often involves the accumulation and exercise of power, servant leadership emphasizes serving and empowering others.

📚 Origin

The phrase 'servant leadership' was first popularized by Robert K. Greenleaf in his 1970 essay 'The Servant as Leader'. Greenleaf credited his reading of 'Journey to the East' by Hermann Hesse as the inspiration for the term.

🏢 Application

Greenleaf applied the concept in an organizational context while working as an executive at AT&T.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Top-Down","slug":"top-down","url":"/en/que-es/top-down","question":"What does Top-Down mean in transformation?","content":"In the context of agile transformation, the 'top-down' approach refers to a..."},{"title":"Management 3.0","slug":"management-3-0","url":"/en/que-es/management-3-0","question":"What is Management 3.0?","content":"Management 3.0 is a leadership and management approach that focuses on the..."},{"title":"Antipattern","slug":"antipattern","url":"/en/que-es/antipattern","question":"What is an antipattern?","content":"An \"antipattern\" refers to a common problem or bad practice that hinders th..."},{"title":"Scrum@Scale","slug":"scrumscale","url":"/en/que-es/scrumscale","question":"What is Scrum@Scale?","content":"One of the biggest challenges for organizations using Scrum is expanding th..."},{"title":"Disciplined Agile Delivery - DAD","slug":"dad---disciplined-agile-delivery","url":"/en/que-es/dad---disciplined-agile-delivery","question":"What is Disciplined Agile Delivery?","content":"Disciplined Agile Delivery (DAD) is a toolkit that provides a flexible appr..."}]},{"title":"Serverless","question":"What is Serverless computing?","description":"A cloud computing model where the provider manages infrastructure, letting developers focus solely on writing code.","date":"2026-02-22","categories":["cloud","devops","infrastructure"],"published":true,"slug":"serverless","content":"

🖥️ Definition

Serverless, despite its name, does not mean there are no servers involved. It refers to a cloud computing model where the cloud provider manages all infrastructure, allowing developers to focus solely on writing and deploying code.

🔄 Scalability

One of the key benefits is automatic scalability -- applications can handle any number of requests without developers needing to worry about the underlying infrastructure's capacity.

💰 Cost Efficiency

Serverless computing offers cost savings as users are charged based on actual usage (pay-per-execution), not for maintaining idle servers. You only pay when your code runs.

💡 Practical Example

An e-commerce site uses AWS Lambda to process orders. During Black Friday, the system automatically scales to handle 100x normal traffic without any manual intervention, and costs return to normal levels after the event.

🔒 High Availability

Serverless applications inherently have high availability and fault tolerance, as the cloud provider manages replication and availability across different zones.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["es","sv"],"related":[{"title":"DORA Metrics","slug":"dora-metrics","url":"/en/que-es/dora-metrics","question":"What are DORA Metrics?","content":"DORA stands for DevOps Research and Assessment, a research group at Google..."},{"title":"Evaluation Harness","slug":"evaluation-harness","url":"/en/que-es/evaluation-harness","question":"What is an Evaluation Harness?","content":"An evaluation harness is a standardized software framework designed to syst..."},{"title":"SRE (Site Reliability Engineering)","slug":"sre","url":"/en/que-es/sre","question":"What is Site Reliability Engineering (SRE)?","content":"Site Reliability Engineering (SRE) is the practice of using software engine..."},{"title":"Release Candidate","slug":"release-candidate","url":"/en/que-es/release-candidate","question":"What is a Release Candidate (RC)?","content":"A Release Candidate (RC) is a version of software that has passed all plann..."},{"title":"Staging","slug":"staging","url":"/en/que-es/staging","question":"What is a Staging environment?","content":"Staging in software development refers to the practice of creating a separa..."}]},{"title":"Shape Up","question":"What is the Shape Up framework?","description":"Shape Up is Basecamp's product development framework based on 6-week cycles, shaping, and betting. Complete guide with process, roles, comparison with Scrum, and implementation tips.","date":"2026-02-22","categories":["Basecamp","agile","framework","product development","project management"],"published":true,"slug":"shape-up","content":"

Definition

Shape Up is a product development framework created by Ryan Singer at Basecamp (formerly 37signals). It provides a structured approach to defining, building, and shipping software in 6-week cycles, followed by a 2-week cool-down period. Unlike traditional agile sprints, Shape Up emphasizes shaping work upfront, giving teams full autonomy during the build cycle, and enforcing hard deadlines to prevent scope creep.

Shape Up was designed to solve problems that Basecamp experienced with both traditional project management and Scrum: the overhead of two-week sprints felt too short for meaningful work, while longer projects tended to drift without clear boundaries. The framework was publicly documented by Ryan Singer in 2019 in the free online book \"Shape Up: Stop Running in Circles and Ship Work that Matters.\"

Core Concepts

Shaping

Shaping is the most distinctive aspect of the framework. Before any work is committed to a cycle, it must be \"shaped\" -- a process where senior product people define the problem, sketch a solution at the right level of abstraction, and set boundaries.

A shaped piece of work includes:

Problem definition: a clear statement of what problem is being solved and why it matters.
Appetite: how much time and effort the team is willing to invest (typically 2 or 6 weeks), rather than an estimate of how long the work will take.
Solution sketch: a rough solution that is concrete enough to show the approach but abstract enough to leave room for the team to make detailed design and implementation decisions.
Rabbit holes: identified risks and complexities that could derail the project, with explicit boundaries about what is out of scope.
No-gos: things that the solution explicitly will NOT include, preventing scope creep.

Shaping happens before the betting table and is done by a small group (typically 1-2 people) who combine product thinking with technical understanding. The output is a pitch -- a document that presents the shaped work to stakeholders.

Appetite vs Estimation

One of Shape Up's most provocative ideas is replacing estimation with appetite. Instead of asking \"How long will this take?\", Shape Up asks \"How much time are we willing to spend on this?\"

This shift changes the dynamic fundamentally:

Estimation starts with scope and produces a timeline: \"This feature will take 8 weeks.\"
Appetite starts with a time budget and constrains scope: \"We're willing to spend 6 weeks on this. What version of this feature can we build in that time?\"

With appetite, scope is the variable that flexes to fit the time constraint. This prevents projects from growing unbounded and forces creative trade-offs about what is essential versus what is nice-to-have.

The Betting Table

At the start of each 6-week cycle, a small group of senior stakeholders meets at the betting table to decide which shaped pitches to greenlight. This is not a backlog grooming session -- there is no backlog in Shape Up.

Key principles of the betting table:

No backlog: pitches that are not selected are not carried forward automatically. If an idea is still important, someone will bring it back with a new or refined pitch.
Deliberate bets: each pitch accepted is a bet -- the company is wagering that this work is worth 6 weeks of a team's time.
Informed decisions: participants have read the pitches beforehand and understand the trade-offs.
Small group: the betting table typically includes the CEO, CTO, and senior product people -- a small enough group to make decisions quickly.

6-Week Cycles

The 6-week cycle is the core building block. Teams are given shaped work at the beginning of the cycle and have 6 weeks to design, build, test, and ship it. Key rules:

No extensions: if the work is not done after 6 weeks, it does not get an extension. The cycle ends, and the team moves on. This is the \"circuit breaker\" that prevents runaway projects.
Team autonomy: teams have full authority to decide how to break down the work, what to build first, and how to make design decisions within the shaped boundaries.
No daily standups: Shape Up does not prescribe regular check-in meetings. Teams communicate asynchronously and use the hill chart (see below) to show progress.
Integrated teams: each team includes both designers and programmers who collaborate throughout the cycle.

Cool-Down Period

Between 6-week cycles, there is a 2-week cool-down period. During this time:

Teams have no scheduled project work.
Developers fix bugs, address technical debt, and explore new ideas.
Senior product people shape pitches for the next cycle's betting table.
Team members can work on side projects or learning.

The cool-down prevents burnout from back-to-back intense cycles and creates space for the unstructured work that keeps a codebase healthy.

Tracking Progress: The Hill Chart

Shape Up introduces the hill chart as an alternative to traditional progress tracking tools like burndown charts.

A hill chart represents work as a dot moving over a hill with two phases:

Uphill (figuring it out): the team is discovering unknowns, making design decisions, and solving problems. Progress feels uncertain.
Downhill (making it happen): the unknowns have been resolved, and the team is executing on a known plan. Progress is predictable.

The hill chart is more honest than a burndown chart because it acknowledges that the early phase of creative work involves figuring out the approach, not just executing tasks. A scope item that has not moved uphill yet represents a risk; one that is over the hill represents predictable execution.

Scopes

Instead of breaking work into user stories or tasks, Shape Up breaks work into scopes -- meaningful slices of the project that can be completed independently. Good scopes are:

Integrated: each scope includes design, frontend, backend, and testing -- everything needed to complete that slice.
Independent: scopes can be completed in any order without blocking each other.
Meaningful: each scope represents a visible, testable piece of the project.

Shape Up vs Scrum

Aspect	Shape Up	Scrum
Cycle length	6 weeks + 2-week cool-down	1-4 week sprints (typically 2)
Planning	Betting table + shaped pitches	Sprint Planning from product backlog
Backlog	No backlog	Product backlog is a core artifact
Estimation	Appetite (time budget)	Story points or time estimates
Progress tracking	Hill chart	Burndown chart, velocity
Daily meetings	None prescribed	Daily Scrum (standup)
Roles	Shapers, betters, builders	Scrum Master, Product Owner, Developers
Scope flexibility	Scope is variable; time is fixed	Scope is committed; time is fixed
Autonomy	High -- teams self-organize entirely	Moderate -- guided by Scrum events
Failed cycles	No extensions, project is dropped	Sprint Review, items return to backlog

When Shape Up works better than Scrum

Product companies building their own product (especially small to mid-sized teams).
Teams frustrated by the overhead of sprint ceremonies.
Organizations that want to give teams more autonomy and less micromanagement.
Products where features can be meaningfully completed in 6 weeks.

When Scrum works better than Shape Up

Client or agency work where external stakeholders need regular check-ins.
Large organizations that need coordination across many teams.
Teams new to agile that benefit from the structure and defined roles of Scrum.
Environments where work items are typically small and can be delivered within a 2-week sprint.

Implementing Shape Up

Step 1: Form small teams

Shape Up works best with small, integrated teams of 2-3 people (typically 1 designer + 1-2 programmers). Larger teams dilute accountability and complicate communication.

Step 2: Learn to shape

Shaping is the hardest skill to develop. Start by reading Ryan Singer's book and practicing the process of defining problems, setting appetites, and creating solution sketches at the right level of abstraction.

Step 3: Run a pilot cycle

Start with a single 6-week cycle for one team. Choose a well-understood project with moderate complexity. Use this cycle to experience the framework firsthand and identify what works and what needs adaptation.

Step 4: Establish the betting table

Define who participates in the betting table and how pitches are submitted and evaluated. Keep the group small (3-5 people) with the authority to make binding decisions.

Step 5: Adopt the cool-down

The 2-week cool-down is essential -- do not skip it. Without it, teams burn out and the shaping process does not have time to produce quality pitches.

Step 6: Use the hill chart

Introduce the hill chart as the primary progress communication tool. Teams update their hill chart regularly (every few days), and stakeholders check it asynchronously instead of requiring status meetings.

Common Pitfalls

Micro-managing during cycles: the entire point of shaping upfront is to enable team autonomy during the build. If stakeholders intervene with new requirements or daily check-ins, the framework breaks down.
Extending cycles: the circuit breaker (no extensions) is uncomfortable but essential. If failing projects always get extensions, there is no incentive to scope work appropriately.
Under-shaping: throwing vague ideas at teams without adequate shaping leads to wasted cycles. A well-shaped pitch requires significant upfront thinking.
Over-shaping: providing too much detail removes the team's autonomy and creativity. Shape at the right level of abstraction -- define the boundaries, not the implementation.
Skipping cool-down: without cool-down, technical debt accumulates, shaping quality drops, and teams burn out.

FAQ

Is Shape Up an agile framework?

Shape Up shares agile values (iterative delivery, team autonomy, customer focus) but does not follow traditional agile practices (sprints, backlogs, daily standups, retrospectives). It is better described as a post-agile or alternative product development methodology that addresses specific problems with agile as commonly practiced.

Can Shape Up work for large organizations?

Shape Up was designed for small to mid-sized product companies. Scaling it to large organizations requires adaptation. Some companies use Shape Up within individual product teams while maintaining a higher-level coordination layer. However, the framework explicitly avoids the scaling mechanisms (SAFe, LeSS) common in large-scale agile.

What happens to bugs in Shape Up?

Minor bugs are addressed during the 2-week cool-down period. Critical bugs that affect users are handled immediately regardless of the cycle. Basecamp does not maintain a bug backlog -- if a bug is not important enough to fix during cool-down, it is not important enough to track.

How does Shape Up handle urgent requests or emergencies?

Shape Up does not have a mechanism for interrupting a cycle with new work. Critical production issues are handled by on-call engineers outside the cycle structure. For business-critical requests that arise mid-cycle, the betting table may choose to address them in the next cycle with a short-form (2-week) pitch.

Can I use Shape Up with Kanban?

Some teams combine Shape Up's shaping and betting process with Kanban for execution within cycles. Instead of breaking work into scopes on a hill chart, they use a Kanban board with WIP limits. This hybrid can work but loses some of Shape Up's distinctive progress tracking benefits.

Does Shape Up work for remote teams?

Yes, and it may actually work better for remote teams than Scrum because it does not rely on synchronous ceremonies. The asynchronous nature of pitch writing, hill chart updates, and cool-down work aligns well with distributed teams across time zones.

Learn More

For the complete framework, read the free online book: Shape Up by Ryan Singer.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Crystal Method","slug":"crystal-method","url":"/en/que-es/crystal-method","question":"What is Crystal Method?","content":"Crystal Method is a project management framework that prioritizes people an..."},{"title":"Scrum Master","slug":"scrum-master","url":"/en/que-es/scrum-master","question":"What is a Scrum Master?","content":"The Scrum Master is one of the three key roles in the Scrum framework, resp..."},{"title":"Servant Leadership","slug":"servant-leadership","url":"/en/que-es/servant-leadership","question":"What is a Servant Leader?","content":"Servant Leadership is a philosophy where the main goal of the leader is to..."},{"title":"SAFe","slug":"safe---scaled-agile-framework","url":"/en/que-es/safe---scaled-agile-framework","question":"What does SAFe mean?","content":"Scaled Agile Framework (SAFe) is a set of organizational patterns for imple..."},{"title":"System Demo","slug":"system-demo","url":"/en/que-es/system-demo","question":"What is a System Demo?","content":"A System Demo is a significant event in the Scaled Agile Framework (SAFe) t..."}]},{"title":"SIPOC","question":"What is SIPOC?","description":"SIPOC is a process analysis tool used in Lean to map and understand the key elements of a process.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["continuous improvement","lean","processes","six sigma"],"published":true,"slug":"sipoc","content":"

🔍 Definition

SIPOC is an acronym that stands for Suppliers, Inputs, Process, Outputs, and Customers. It is a process mapping tool used in Lean and Six Sigma to provide a high-level view of a process and its key elements.

🎯 Objective

To provide a clear and structured understanding of a process by identifying all its main components, facilitating analysis and continuous improvement.

📊 SIPOC Components

1. Suppliers

People, departments, or organizations that provide inputs to the process
Can be internal (within the organization) or external
Example: Sales department, external suppliers, customers

2. Inputs

Materials, information, resources, or services required to execute the process
Everything that \"feeds\" the process
Example: Customer orders, raw materials, data, specifications

3. Process

The series of activities or steps that transform inputs into outputs
Described in general terms, without excessive detail
Example: Order processing, manufacturing, software development

4. Outputs

The products, services, or information that result from the process
What the process \"produces\"
Example: Finished products, delivered services, reports

5. Customers

People, departments, or organizations that receive the process outputs
Can be internal or external customers
Example: End customer, next department in the chain, internal users

🔧 How to create a SIPOC diagram

Define the process: Clearly identify which process will be mapped
Identify outputs: Determine what the process produces
Identify customers: Who receives these outputs
Map the process: Describe the main steps (typically 4-7 steps)
Identify inputs: What is needed to execute the process
Identify suppliers: Who provides these inputs

✅ Benefits

Clarity: Provides a complete view of the process
Communication: Facilitates shared understanding among teams
Problem identification: Helps detect waste and potential improvements
Scope: Clearly defines process boundaries
Baseline: Establishes a starting point for improvements

🚀 When to use SIPOC

At the beginning of process improvement projects
To document existing processes
When there is confusion about roles and responsibilities
To communicate processes to new team members
As a first step before conducting more detailed analysis

🔗 Relationship with other Lean tools

Value Stream Mapping: SIPOC provides the high-level context before detailed mapping
Kaizen: Identifies opportunity areas for improvement events
5S: Helps understand which inputs and outputs need organization
Root Cause Analysis: Provides the framework to understand where problems may occur

📝 Practical example

Process: Technical support request handling

Element	Description
Suppliers	Customers, sales team, ticketing system
Inputs	Support tickets, customer information, system logs
Process	Receive ticket → Classify → Assign → Resolve → Close
Outputs	Problem resolved, ticket closed, resolution report
Customers	End customer, sales team, management

⚠️ Important considerations

Keep the analysis at macro level, avoid excessive detail
Include only critical process elements
Validate the SIPOC with process participants
Update the diagram when the process changes
Use as a starting point, not as final analysis

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Kaizen","slug":"kaizen","url":"/en/que-es/kaizen","question":"What is Kaizen?","content":"Kaizen is a Japanese term that translates as \"good change\" or \"improvement\"..."},{"title":"Muda","slug":"muda","url":"/en/que-es/muda","question":"What is Muda?","content":"Muda is a Japanese term that translates as waste and refers to any activity..."},{"title":"Value Stream Map","slug":"value-stream-map","url":"/en/que-es/value-stream-map","question":"What is a Value Stream Map (VSM)?","content":"The Value Stream Map, or VSM, is a visual tool used in Lean to depict and a..."},{"title":"DORA Metrics","slug":"dora-metrics","url":"/en/que-es/dora-metrics","question":"What are DORA Metrics?","content":"DORA stands for DevOps Research and Assessment, a research group at Google..."},{"title":"Waste","slug":"waste","url":"/en/que-es/waste","question":"What does waste mean?","content":"In Lean management, waste refers to any activity that consumes resources bu..."}]},{"title":"SLA","question":"What does SLA mean?","description":"It stands for Service Level Agreement.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["kanban","metrics","service"],"published":true,"slug":"sla","content":"

📝 Definition

Service Level Agreement, or SLA, is a contract between a service provider and a client that defines the level of service the provider is committed to delivering. It includes metrics such as uptime, delivery time, response time, and resolution time.

🔍 Importance

SLAs are crucial for both parties as they establish clear expectations, provide a basis for measuring performance, and outline the course of action if the requirements are not met.

🤝 Creation

SLAs are typically created through negotiations, with both parties agreeing on the specific services, performance metrics, responsibilities, and potential penalties.

👥 Parties Involved

It usually involves a client (internal or external) and a service provider, but can also be between different business units within the same organization.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Cycle Time","slug":"cycle-time","url":"/en/que-es/cycle-time","question":"What is Cycle Time?","content":"Cycle time refers to the time it takes for an item to go through the produc..."},{"title":"Kanban","slug":"kanban","url":"/en/que-es/kanban","question":"What is Kanban?","content":"Kanban is a lean method for managing and improving work flows in production..."},{"title":"Pull System","slug":"pull","url":"/en/que-es/pull","question":"What is the Pull system?","content":"In Kanban, a Pull system is one where work is only initiated when there is..."},{"title":"Throughput","slug":"throughput","url":"/en/que-es/throughput","question":"What is throughput?","content":"In the Kanban method, 'throughput' is used to describe the total number of..."},{"title":"Stakeholders","slug":"stakeholder","url":"/en/que-es/stakeholder","question":"What is a Stakeholder?","content":"A stakeholder is any individual or group of individuals with an interest in..."}]},{"title":"SOLID","question":"What are the SOLID principles?","description":"They are a set of design guidelines for improving the maintainability and scalability of software.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["development","principles","software"],"published":true,"slug":"solid","content":"

🏛️ Origin

The SOLID principles were introduced by Robert C. Martin, also known as Uncle Bob, in his work on object-oriented design in the early 2000s. These principles are a compilation of five design concepts that assist developers in creating software systems.

📕 Definition

SOLID is an acronym that stands for five design principles in object-oriented programming: Single Responsibility, Open/Closed, Liskov Substitution, Interface Segregation, and Dependency Inversion.

🔍 Purpose

These principles provide a framework for designing software that is easy to maintain, understand, and expand, allowing developers to avoid common design and architecture pitfalls.

🔨 Single Responsibility (SRP)

A class should have only one reason to change.

🔒 Open/Closed (OCP)

Software entities should be open for extension, but closed for modification.

🔄 Liskov Substitution (LSP)

Objects of a superclass should be replaceable with objects of its subclasses without affecting the functionality.

🔀 Interface Segregation (ISP)

Many client-specific interfaces are better than one general-purpose interface.

🔄 Dependency Inversion (DIP)

High-level modules should not depend on low-level modules; both should depend on abstractions.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"TDD","slug":"tdd---test-driven-development","url":"/en/que-es/tdd---test-driven-development","question":"What is Test Driven Development (TDD)?","content":"Test-Driven Development (TDD) is a programming approach that emphasizes wri..."},{"title":"DRY","slug":"dry---dont-repeat-yourself","url":"/en/que-es/dry---dont-repeat-yourself","question":"What does DRY mean?","content":"DRY stands for 'Don't Repeat Yourself' and is a software development princi..."},{"title":"Beta","slug":"beta","url":"/en/que-es/beta","question":"What is a beta version?","content":"A beta version, also known as a preview, is a pre-release version of softwa..."},{"title":"ALM","slug":"alm","url":"/en/que-es/alm","question":"What does ALM stand for?","content":"ALM, or Application Lifecycle Management, refers to the process of managing..."},{"title":"Alpha","slug":"alpha","url":"/en/que-es/alpha","question":"What is an Alpha version?","content":"An Alpha version is an early stage of a software product, typically release..."}]},{"title":"Spike","question":"What is a Spike?","description":"A spike is a time-boxed research or experimentation task in agile to reduce uncertainty. Complete guide with types, best practices, examples, and when to use spikes.","date":"2026-02-22","categories":["Agile","Extreme Programming - XP","Uncertainty","User Story","research"],"published":true,"slug":"spikes","content":"

Definition

A spike is a time-boxed research, investigation, or experimentation task used in agile software development to reduce uncertainty, gain knowledge, or explore technical feasibility before committing to a user story or feature. The term originates from Extreme Programming (XP), where it was coined by Kent Beck.

Unlike regular user stories that deliver working functionality to end users, spikes produce knowledge and information. The output of a spike is typically a decision, a proof of concept, a technical recommendation, or enough understanding to estimate and implement the related work with confidence.

The metaphor comes from a \"spike\" in rock climbing -- a temporary anchor driven into rock to gain a secure footing before proceeding with the climb. Similarly, a spike in software development provides the team with solid ground (knowledge) before proceeding with implementation.

Why Spikes Exist

In software development, teams frequently encounter situations where they lack sufficient knowledge to estimate or implement a piece of work. Common scenarios include:

Unknown technology: the team needs to evaluate a new framework, library, or service they have not used before.
Unclear requirements: the business need is understood at a high level, but the specific implementation approach is uncertain.
Performance concerns: there is doubt about whether a proposed approach will meet performance requirements.
Integration complexity: connecting with an external API or system whose behavior is not well documented.
Architectural decisions: choosing between multiple possible architectural approaches for a new feature.
Risk mitigation: validating that a proposed solution will actually work before investing significant development effort.

Without spikes, teams either avoid estimating uncertain work (leaving gaps in planning), pad estimates with excessive buffers, or start implementation and discover problems mid-sprint.

Types of Spikes

Technical Spikes

Technical spikes explore technology-related questions. They answer \"Can we build this?\" and \"How should we build this?\"

Examples:

Evaluate three database options (PostgreSQL, MongoDB, DynamoDB) for a new microservice and recommend one based on query patterns, scalability, and operational complexity.
Create a proof of concept for real-time WebSocket communication to determine if the existing infrastructure can support it.
Test the performance of a new search library against the current implementation with realistic data volumes.
Investigate whether migrating from REST to GraphQL would reduce the number of API calls for the mobile app.

Functional Spikes

Functional spikes explore user interaction, design, and requirement-related questions. They answer \"What should we build?\" and \"How should users interact with it?\"

Examples:

Prototype two different checkout flow designs and conduct usability testing to determine which one users prefer.
Research how competitors handle multi-currency pricing to inform the product requirements.
Interview three customer support representatives to understand the most common user pain points with the current reporting feature.
Create wireframes for a new dashboard and validate them with stakeholders before committing to full design and development.

Architectural Spikes

A subset of technical spikes focused specifically on system architecture decisions:

Evaluate monolith vs. microservices architecture for a new product line.
Investigate the feasibility of a canary release strategy for the payment processing system.
Research event-driven architecture patterns for the notification system.

Key Characteristics

Time-boxed

Spikes must have a strict time limit. Without a time box, research can expand indefinitely (analysis paralysis). Common time boxes include:

1-2 days for simple evaluations or questions.
3-5 days (one sprint) for more complex investigations.
Maximum 1 sprint: if a spike needs more than one sprint, it should be broken into smaller, focused spikes.

If the time box expires without a conclusive answer, that itself is valuable information -- it may indicate that the problem is more complex than anticipated, or that the approach needs to be reframed.

Goal-oriented

Every spike must have a clear, specific objective and defined deliverables. A well-defined spike answers a specific question rather than exploring a topic broadly.

Weak spike definition: \"Research authentication options.\" Strong spike definition: \"Compare OAuth 2.0, SAML, and API key authentication for our B2B API. Evaluate each on security, implementation complexity, and client developer experience. Deliver a recommendation with trade-offs by Friday.\"

Not directly deliverable

Spikes do not produce shippable product increments. Their output is information -- documents, prototypes, proofs of concept, recommendations, or decisions. This distinction is important for tracking and reporting: spikes should typically not count toward the team's velocity if velocity is measured in delivered story points.

How to Write a Spike

A well-structured spike includes:

Title

A clear description of what is being investigated.

Objective

What question does this spike answer? What decision will it enable?

Context

Why is this spike needed? What uncertainty or risk does it address?

Approach

What activities will the team undertake? (e.g., build a prototype, read documentation, interview stakeholders, run performance tests)

Deliverables

What concrete outputs are expected? Examples:

A written recommendation document with trade-offs.
A working proof of concept in a branch.
A decision recorded in an Architecture Decision Record (ADR).
Updated estimates for the related user stories.

Time box

The maximum duration for the investigation.

Acceptance criteria

How will the team know the spike is done? For example:

\"The team can estimate the related stories with confidence.\"
\"A technology recommendation has been agreed upon by the team.\"
\"A working prototype demonstrates the integration with the payment API.\"

Spikes in Scrum

In Scrum, spikes are typically handled in the following ways:

Planning

Spikes are placed in the product backlog and prioritized like any other backlog item. They are usually prioritized ahead of the stories they unblock, often in the sprint before the related feature work is planned.

Estimation

There are different approaches to estimating spikes:

Fixed time box: the spike is given a time box (e.g., 2 days) rather than story point estimate. This is the most common approach.
Story points: some teams estimate spikes in story points, treating them like any other backlog item for planning purposes.
No estimation: some teams do not estimate spikes at all, allocating a fixed percentage of sprint capacity to research.

Sprint Review

Spikes are demonstrated in the Sprint Review by presenting the findings, recommendations, and any prototypes created. While they do not produce shippable increments, the knowledge gained is valuable output that should be shared transparently.

Spikes in Kanban

In a Kanban system, spikes flow through the board like any other work item but are typically tagged with a different class of service or work type. Since Kanban does not have sprints, the time box for a spike is enforced by the team's discipline and policies. The key consideration is that spikes should respect WIP limits -- a spike in progress occupies a slot just like any other work item.

Best Practices

Keep them focused: each spike should address one specific question or uncertainty. If multiple unknowns exist, create separate spikes for each.
Define success criteria upfront: before starting a spike, agree on what \"done\" looks like. This prevents open-ended research.
Share the findings: the output of a spike should be documented and shared with the team, not kept in one person's head. A brief write-up, a lunch-and-learn, or an ADR ensures the knowledge is preserved.
Build the simplest possible prototype: if the spike involves building something, build the minimum needed to answer the question. Prototype code should be treated as throwaway -- it exists to learn, not to ship.
Involve the right people: complex spikes benefit from collaboration. A performance spike might need a backend engineer and a DevOps engineer; a UX spike might need a designer and a customer support representative.
Time-box strictly: when the time box expires, stop and evaluate what was learned. If more research is needed, create a follow-up spike with a refined scope.
Connect to the dependent work: clearly link the spike to the user stories or features it unblocks, so the team understands the purpose and priority.

Common Anti-Patterns

Perpetual spikes: spikes that keep rolling over from sprint to sprint without reaching a conclusion. This usually indicates the scope is too broad.
Gold-plated prototypes: spending time making prototype code production-ready instead of focusing on answering the question.
Skipping spikes: jumping straight into implementation despite significant uncertainty, leading to wasted effort and rework.
Vague spikes: \"Research X\" without a specific question, time box, or deliverable. These rarely produce actionable outcomes.
Using spikes to avoid estimation: creating spikes for work that is uncertain but estimable, delaying delivery unnecessarily.

FAQ

Should spikes count toward velocity?

This depends on the team's approach. Some teams include spikes in velocity because they represent real work done during the sprint. Others exclude them because spikes do not deliver shippable functionality. The most important thing is consistency: pick one approach and stick with it so velocity remains a meaningful metric.

How many spikes should be in a sprint?

There is no fixed number, but a sprint dominated by spikes (more than 20-30% of capacity) suggests that the team may not have enough clarity for effective planning. If many spikes are needed, consider whether the product backlog needs better refinement upstream.

What if a spike does not answer the question?

That is a valid outcome. Document what was learned, why the question remains open, and what additional information would be needed. Then decide whether to create a follow-up spike with a narrower scope or accept the uncertainty and proceed with a risk-aware approach.

Can a spike result in production code?

Generally, no. The code produced during a spike is intentionally quick and dirty -- meant to explore, not to ship. If a spike validates an approach, the implementation should be done as a separate story with proper design, testing, and code review. However, some teams find that spike prototypes can be refactored into production code if the quality is acceptable.

Who should work on spikes?

Anyone on the team can work on spikes, not just the most senior engineers. Spikes can be excellent learning opportunities for less experienced team members, especially when paired with a more senior colleague. The key is matching the complexity of the spike with the skills needed to answer the question effectively.

What is the difference between a spike and a proof of concept (PoC)?

A spike is broader -- it can involve any research activity (reading documentation, interviewing users, benchmarking, prototyping). A proof of concept is a specific type of spike output: a minimal implementation that demonstrates that something is technically feasible. A spike might result in a PoC, but it might also result in a document, a recommendation, or a decision without any code.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Open Space","slug":"open-space","url":"/en/que-es/open-space","question":"What is an Open Space?","content":"An Open Space is a participant-driven event format that allows for self-org..."},{"title":"Swarming","slug":"swarming","url":"/en/que-es/swarming","question":"What is Swarming?","content":"Swarming is a technique where the entire team focuses on a single task or u..."},{"title":"Sprint","slug":"sprint","url":"/en/que-es/sprint","question":"What is a Sprint?","content":"A sprint is a short, fixed period during which a Scrum Team works to comple..."},{"title":"Design Sprint","slug":"design-sprint","url":"/en/que-es/design-sprint","question":"What is Design Sprint?","content":"Design Sprint is an agile product development process that allows the creat..."},{"title":"Backbone","slug":"backbone","url":"/en/que-es/backbone","question":"What is the Backbone in User Story Mapping?","content":"In a User Story Map, the Backbone or main structure represents the high-lev..."}]},{"title":"Sprint","question":"What is a Sprint?","description":"It is a short, fixed period during which a Scrum team works to complete a set amount of work.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["Agile","Scrum","Sprint"],"published":true,"slug":"sprint","content":"

🏃‍♂️ Definition

A sprint is a short, fixed period during which a Scrum Team works to complete a set amount of work.

📈 Incremental

Each sprint aims to deliver a potentially shippable product increment, adding value to the users.

🔄 Iterative

Sprints are part of an iterative process, with one sprint following another of the same duration, allowing for continuous improvement and adaptation to changes.

🗓️ Planning and Review

A sprint contains the other Scrum events, namely: Sprint Planning, Daily Scrum, Sprint Review, and Sprint Retrospective.

⏱️ Typical Duration

Sprints commonly last two weeks, with a maximum duration of no more than one month.

📅 Recommendation

Once the duration of sprints is established, it is fixed and should not be altered, maintaining a consistent rhythm for the team over time.

🌱 Analogy

The Scrum guide defines a Sprint as: \"Sprints are the heartbeat of Scrum, where ideas are turned into value.\"

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Sprint Retrospective","slug":"sprint-retrospective","url":"/en/que-es/sprint-retrospective","question":"What is the Sprint Retrospective?","content":"The Sprint Retrospective, or Retro, is a meeting at the end of each sprint..."},{"title":"Sprint Planning","slug":"sprint-planning","url":"/en/que-es/sprint-planning","question":"What is Sprint Planning?","content":"Sprint Planning is the first event of a Sprint and lasts a maximum of eight..."},{"title":"Sprint Zero","slug":"sprint-zero","url":"/en/que-es/sprint-zero","question":"What is a Sprint Zero?","content":"A Sprint Zero is a prelude to the formal sprint process in agile developmen..."},{"title":"Scrumban","slug":"scrumban","url":"/en/que-es/scrumban","question":"What is Scrumban?","content":"Scrumban is a framework that combines the principles of Scrum and Kanban, o..."},{"title":"Sprint Backlog","slug":"sprint-backlog","url":"/en/que-es/sprint-backlog","question":"What is the Sprint Backlog?","content":"The Sprint Backlog is a set of items from the Product Backlog (PBI) chosen..."}]},{"title":"Sprint Backlog","question":"What is the Sprint Backlog?","description":"They are the Product Backlog items committed by the developers for completion in the next iteration.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["PBI","Product Backlog","Scrum","Sprint Backlog"],"published":true,"slug":"sprint-backlog","content":"

📝 Definition

The Sprint Backlog is a set of items from the Product Backlog (PBI) chosen for the Sprint, plus a plan for delivering the product Increment and achieving the Sprint Goal.

🔄 Dynamic

It is a living plan that evolves during the Sprint as more is learned about the work needed to achieve the Sprint Goal.

👨‍💻 Ownership

The Developers are responsible for creating and maintaining the Sprint Backlog, ensuring it reflects the work needed to achieve the Sprint Goal.

🔍 Transparency

The Sprint Backlog is one of the Scrum artifacts that provides transparency on the work being done in the Sprint.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Sprint Planning","slug":"sprint-planning","url":"/en/que-es/sprint-planning","question":"What is Sprint Planning?","content":"Sprint Planning is the first event of a Sprint and lasts a maximum of eight..."},{"title":"Sprint Review","slug":"sprint-review","url":"/en/que-es/sprint-review","question":"What is the Sprint Review?","content":"The Sprint Review is a Scrum event that occurs at the end of a Sprint, wher..."},{"title":"Scrumban","slug":"scrumban","url":"/en/que-es/scrumban","question":"What is Scrumban?","content":"Scrumban is a framework that combines the principles of Scrum and Kanban, o..."},{"title":"Scrum@Scale","slug":"scrumscale","url":"/en/que-es/scrumscale","question":"What is Scrum@Scale?","content":"One of the biggest challenges for organizations using Scrum is expanding th..."},{"title":"Scrum of Scrums (SoS)","slug":"scrum-of-scrums","url":"/en/que-es/scrum-of-scrums","question":"What is Scrum of Scrums?","content":"Scrum of Scrums (SoS) is a scaling technique for coordinating work among mu..."}]},{"title":"Sprint Planning","question":"What is Sprint Planning?","description":"It is the first event of a Sprint where the iteration's scope is planned.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["Product Backlog","Scrum","Sprint","Sprint Backlog","Sprint Goal","event"],"published":true,"slug":"sprint-planning","content":"

📅 Event

Sprint Planning is the first event of a Sprint and lasts a maximum of eight hours for a one-month Sprint.

🎯 Purpose

This event serves to establish the Sprint Goal and plan the work necessary to deliver the Increment.

🔍 Focus

It involves the entire Scrum Team, with the Product Owner and Developers collaborating to select work from the Product Backlog that can be done in the next Sprint.

📝 Outcome

The outcome is a Sprint Backlog, a forecast of the functionality that will be developed during the Sprint, and a Sprint Goal.

⏱️ Timebox

The event has a limited duration to ensure it does not consume too much time.

🔄 Iterative

Sprint Planning occurs before the start of each Sprint, ensuring a regular cadence for planning and goal setting.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Sprint Backlog","slug":"sprint-backlog","url":"/en/que-es/sprint-backlog","question":"What is the Sprint Backlog?","content":"The Sprint Backlog is a set of items from the Product Backlog (PBI) chosen..."},{"title":"Sprint","slug":"sprint","url":"/en/que-es/sprint","question":"What is a Sprint?","content":"A sprint is a short, fixed period during which a Scrum Team works to comple..."},{"title":"Sprint Review","slug":"sprint-review","url":"/en/que-es/sprint-review","question":"What is the Sprint Review?","content":"The Sprint Review is a Scrum event that occurs at the end of a Sprint, wher..."},{"title":"Sprint Retrospective","slug":"sprint-retrospective","url":"/en/que-es/sprint-retrospective","question":"What is the Sprint Retrospective?","content":"The Sprint Retrospective, or Retro, is a meeting at the end of each sprint..."},{"title":"Sprint Zero","slug":"sprint-zero","url":"/en/que-es/sprint-zero","question":"What is a Sprint Zero?","content":"A Sprint Zero is a prelude to the formal sprint process in agile developmen..."}]},{"title":"Sprint Retrospective","question":"What is the Sprint Retrospective?","description":"It is a meeting at the end of each sprint where the team reflects on what went well, what could be improved, and identifies actions for the next sprint.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["Kaizen","Scrum","Sprint"],"published":true,"slug":"sprint-retrospective","content":"

🔄 Definition

The Sprint Retrospective, or Retro, is a meeting at the end of each sprint within the Scrum framework, where the team reflects on what went well, what could be improved, and identifies actions for the next sprint.

🎯 Purpose

The main goal is to continuously improve the Way of Working (WoW) and the team's performance by incorporating feedback and making adjustments for future sprints.

📩 Outcome

Once concluded, the Retrospective requires that at least one improvement action is incorporated into the work planned for the next Sprint.

👥 Participants

All members of the Scrum Team, including the Scrum Master, the Product Owner, and the Developers.

📈 Iterative Improvement

The retrospective is a key element of Scrum's empirical process control, allowing regular adaptation and refinement of the team's working methods.

📅 Timebox

The retrospective is limited to 3 hours for a monthly sprint, with shorter durations for shorter sprints.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Sprint Zero","slug":"sprint-zero","url":"/en/que-es/sprint-zero","question":"What is a Sprint Zero?","content":"A Sprint Zero is a prelude to the formal sprint process in agile developmen..."},{"title":"Sprint","slug":"sprint","url":"/en/que-es/sprint","question":"What is a Sprint?","content":"A sprint is a short, fixed period during which a Scrum Team works to comple..."},{"title":"Sprint Planning","slug":"sprint-planning","url":"/en/que-es/sprint-planning","question":"What is Sprint Planning?","content":"Sprint Planning is the first event of a Sprint and lasts a maximum of eight..."},{"title":"Scrum@Scale","slug":"scrumscale","url":"/en/que-es/scrumscale","question":"What is Scrum@Scale?","content":"One of the biggest challenges for organizations using Scrum is expanding th..."},{"title":"Scrum of Scrums (SoS)","slug":"scrum-of-scrums","url":"/en/que-es/scrum-of-scrums","question":"What is Scrum of Scrums?","content":"Scrum of Scrums (SoS) is a scaling technique for coordinating work among mu..."}]},{"title":"Sprint Review","question":"What is the Sprint Review?","description":"It is a Scrum event that occurs at the end of the Sprint, where the product increment is inspected.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["Increment","Product","Product Backlog","Scrum"],"published":true,"slug":"sprint-review","content":"

🔍 Definition

The Sprint Review is a Scrum event that occurs at the end of a Sprint, where the product increment is inspected and the Product Backlog is adapted based on the feedback received.

📈 Inspection

The team and stakeholders review what was accomplished during the Sprint and discuss any changes that may be needed.

🎯 Sprint Goal

The Scrum Team articulates the Sprint Goal and shows how each PBI contributed to it.

📈 Metrics

Quantitative data on the performance of the Increment may be discussed to inform decision-making.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Sprint Planning","slug":"sprint-planning","url":"/en/que-es/sprint-planning","question":"What is Sprint Planning?","content":"Sprint Planning is the first event of a Sprint and lasts a maximum of eight..."},{"title":"Sprint Backlog","slug":"sprint-backlog","url":"/en/que-es/sprint-backlog","question":"What is the Sprint Backlog?","content":"The Sprint Backlog is a set of items from the Product Backlog (PBI) chosen..."},{"title":"Sprint Retrospective","slug":"sprint-retrospective","url":"/en/que-es/sprint-retrospective","question":"What is the Sprint Retrospective?","content":"The Sprint Retrospective, or Retro, is a meeting at the end of each sprint..."},{"title":"Scrum of Scrums (SoS)","slug":"scrum-of-scrums","url":"/en/que-es/scrum-of-scrums","question":"What is Scrum of Scrums?","content":"Scrum of Scrums (SoS) is a scaling technique for coordinating work among mu..."},{"title":"Scrumban","slug":"scrumban","url":"/en/que-es/scrumban","question":"What is Scrumban?","content":"Scrumban is a framework that combines the principles of Scrum and Kanban, o..."}]},{"title":"Sprint Zero","question":"What is a Sprint Zero?","description":"It is an anti-pattern that introduces a preliminary phase before starting product development using the Scrum framework.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["Empiricism","Scrum","Sprint","anti-pattern"],"published":true,"slug":"sprint-zero","content":"

🏃‍♂️ Definition

A Sprint Zero is a prelude to the formal sprint process in agile development, focused on initial setup, planning, and preparation.

🚫 Anti-pattern

Sprint Zero is considered an anti-pattern because it can lead to a lack of focus on delivering functional software and can be misused as an excuse for excessive planning without tangible outcomes, violating the principles of empirical process control.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Sprint","slug":"sprint","url":"/en/que-es/sprint","question":"What is a Sprint?","content":"A sprint is a short, fixed period during which a Scrum Team works to comple..."},{"title":"Sprint Retrospective","slug":"sprint-retrospective","url":"/en/que-es/sprint-retrospective","question":"What is the Sprint Retrospective?","content":"The Sprint Retrospective, or Retro, is a meeting at the end of each sprint..."},{"title":"Sprint Planning","slug":"sprint-planning","url":"/en/que-es/sprint-planning","question":"What is Sprint Planning?","content":"Sprint Planning is the first event of a Sprint and lasts a maximum of eight..."},{"title":"Scrum of Scrums (SoS)","slug":"scrum-of-scrums","url":"/en/que-es/scrum-of-scrums","question":"What is Scrum of Scrums?","content":"Scrum of Scrums (SoS) is a scaling technique for coordinating work among mu..."},{"title":"Sprint Backlog","slug":"sprint-backlog","url":"/en/que-es/sprint-backlog","question":"What is the Sprint Backlog?","content":"The Sprint Backlog is a set of items from the Product Backlog (PBI) chosen..."}]},{"title":"SRE (Site Reliability Engineering)","question":"What is Site Reliability Engineering (SRE)?","description":"A discipline that applies software engineering principles to IT operations to build reliable and scalable systems.","date":"2026-02-22","categories":["devops","operations","reliability"],"published":true,"slug":"sre","content":"

🔧 Definition

Site Reliability Engineering (SRE) is the practice of using software engineering tools and approaches to automate IT infrastructure tasks such as system administration, application monitoring, and incident response, ensuring the reliability of software systems.

🔄 Automation Focus

SRE emphasizes automation to manage large-scale systems, making operations more sustainable than manual management of hundreds or thousands of machines.

📈 Benefits

Improves collaboration between development and operations teams
Enhances customer experience by reducing software errors
Enables better operational planning by estimating and mitigating the impact of downtime
Defines Service Level Objectives (SLOs) and Error Budgets to balance reliability with feature velocity

💡 Practical Example

Google pioneered SRE to manage its massive infrastructure. An SRE team might define a 99.95% availability SLO for a service, use the remaining 0.05% error budget to allow for risky deployments, and automate incident response with runbooks and alerting systems.

🔍 Observability

SRE teams use observability tools to detect and understand anomalies in software behavior, utilizing metrics, logs, and traces for in-depth analysis.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["es"],"related":[{"title":"Grounding","slug":"grounding","url":"/en/que-es/grounding","question":"What is Grounding in AI?","content":"Grounding in AI refers to the process of connecting AI-generated responses..."},{"title":"Postmortem","slug":"postmortem","url":"/en/que-es/postmortem","question":"What is a Postmortem?","content":"A postmortem is a retrospective analysis conducted after an incident, outag..."},{"title":"DORA Metrics","slug":"dora-metrics","url":"/en/que-es/dora-metrics","question":"What are DORA Metrics?","content":"DORA stands for DevOps Research and Assessment, a research group at Google..."},{"title":"Opex","slug":"opex","url":"/en/que-es/opex","question":"What does Opex mean?","content":"Opex (Operational Expenditure) refers to the daily operating expenses requi..."},{"title":"Serverless","slug":"serverless","url":"/en/que-es/serverless","question":"What is Serverless computing?","content":"Serverless, despite its name, does not mean there are no servers involved..."}]},{"title":"Staging","question":"What is a Staging environment?","description":"A separate environment that mirrors production, used to test and review changes before deploying to the live application.","date":"2026-02-22","categories":["deployment","devops","testing"],"published":true,"slug":"staging","content":"

🔍 Definition

Staging in software development refers to the practice of creating a separate, isolated environment that mirrors production, used to test and review changes before they are applied to the live application.

🔄 Purpose

It allows developers to experiment, troubleshoot, and ensure the quality of their updates without affecting the public-facing version of the product.

🖥️ Types of Environments

Development -- For initial coding and unit testing
Staging -- A production mirror for final validation
Pre-production -- For load testing and security checks
Production -- The live environment serving real users

💡 Practical Example

Before releasing a new checkout flow, the team deploys it to staging where QA engineers test edge cases with realistic data. Only after all tests pass in staging is the change promoted to production.

🛠️ Implementation

Staging can be set up manually by creating a duplicate environment or by using tools like Docker, Kubernetes, or cloud services that automate environment provisioning.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["es"],"related":[{"title":"Release Candidate","slug":"release-candidate","url":"/en/que-es/release-candidate","question":"What is a Release Candidate (RC)?","content":"A Release Candidate (RC) is a version of software that has passed all plann..."},{"title":"UAT","slug":"uat","url":"/en/que-es/uat","question":"What does UAT stand for?","content":"Acceptance testing is a quality assurance process that evaluates whether a..."},{"title":"End-to-End Testing (E2E)","slug":"e2e-testing","url":"/en/que-es/e2e-testing","question":"What is End-to-End Testing?","content":"End-to-End (E2E) testing is a software testing technique that verifies the..."},{"title":"Alpha","slug":"alpha","url":"/en/que-es/alpha","question":"What is an Alpha version?","content":"An Alpha version is an early stage of a software product, typically release..."},{"title":"BDD","slug":"bdd","url":"/en/que-es/bdd","question":"What is BDD?","content":"Behavior Driven Development (BDD) is a software development process that ai..."}]},{"title":"Stakeholders","question":"What is a Stakeholder?","description":"It is any individual or group with an interest in a business or project.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["Stakeholder","product","role","service"],"published":true,"slug":"stakeholder","content":"

👥 Definition

A stakeholder is any individual or group of individuals with an interest in a business or project, who can influence or be influenced by the project's outcomes and determine its success or failure.

🎯 Importance

Understanding the roles of stakeholders is crucial for managing their expectations and potential dependencies.

📊 Types

Stakeholders can be categorized as internal, external, or secondary, depending on their relationship with the project.

🏢 Internal Stakeholders

Typically include the team developing the product or service, and other members of the organization directly involved.

🌐 External Stakeholders

Consist of entities outside of the organization, such as customers, suppliers, and regulatory bodies, who have a direct interest in the project.

🔗 Secondary Stakeholders

Indirectly affected parties such as the media or the general public, who can influence or be influenced by the project's outcomes.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Hype","slug":"hype","url":"/en/que-es/hype","question":"What is Hype?","content":"Hype refers to excessive or exaggerated excitement, often used in the conte..."},{"title":"Senior","slug":"senior","url":"/en/que-es/senior","question":"What is a Senior?","content":"A senior developer typically has more than 5 years of experience, with a hi..."},{"title":"SLA","slug":"sla","url":"/en/que-es/sla","question":"What does SLA mean?","content":"Service Level Agreement, or SLA, is a contract between a service provider a..."},{"title":"Scrum Master","slug":"scrum-master","url":"/en/que-es/scrum-master","question":"What is a Scrum Master?","content":"The Scrum Master is one of the three key roles in the Scrum framework, resp..."},{"title":"Three Amigos","slug":"three-amigos","url":"/en/que-es/three-amigos","question":"What does Three Amigos mean?","content":"\"Three Amigos\" is a collaborative practice in agile software development wh..."}]},{"title":"Swarming","question":"What is Swarming?","description":"It is a technique where the entire team focuses on a single task or user story.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["PBI","User Story"],"published":true,"slug":"swarming","content":"

🔄 Swarming Definition

Swarming is a technique where the entire team focuses on a single task or user story, working collaboratively to solve it.

🏗️ Context

Swarming is often used in Scrum and other agile frameworks to tackle complex problems and ensure a continuous flow of work.

👥 Team Collaboration

The approach involves all team members working together, leveraging their collective strengths and experience to efficiently address the task at hand.

🔑 Challenge

Swarming is employed when a problem is particularly challenging and requires the collective effort of the team to overcome it.

🔄 Continuous Flow

Swarming helps to maintain a continuous flow of work by avoiding bottlenecks and delays in task completion.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Sprint Backlog","slug":"sprint-backlog","url":"/en/que-es/sprint-backlog","question":"What is the Sprint Backlog?","content":"The Sprint Backlog is a set of items from the Product Backlog (PBI) chosen..."},{"title":"Spike","slug":"spikes","url":"/en/que-es/spikes","question":"What is a Spike?","content":"A spike is a time-boxed research, investigation, or experimentation task us..."},{"title":"Product Backlog","slug":"product-backlog","url":"/en/que-es/product-backlog","question":"What is the Product Backlog?","content":"The Product Backlog is a prioritized list of all the work that needs to be..."},{"title":"BDD","slug":"bdd","url":"/en/que-es/bdd","question":"What is BDD?","content":"Behavior Driven Development (BDD) is a software development process that ai..."},{"title":"Ground Truth","slug":"ground-truth","url":"/en/que-es/ground-truth","question":"What is Ground Truth in AI?","content":"Ground Truth in AI refers to the accurate, verified, or objectively correct..."}]},{"title":"System Demo","question":"What is a System Demo?","description":"A System Demo is a SAFe event where integrated work from all teams in an Agile Release Train is showcased to stakeholders at the end of each iteration.","date":"2026-02-22","categories":["PI","SAFe","Scaling","agile","demo","integration"],"published":true,"slug":"system-demo","content":"

Definition

A System Demo is a significant event in the Scaled Agile Framework (SAFe) that provides an integrated view of the new features delivered by all teams in the Agile Release Train (ART) during the most recent iteration. Unlike individual team demos that showcase a single team's work, the System Demo demonstrates how all the pieces fit together as a cohesive, working solution.

The System Demo is one of the most important feedback mechanisms in SAFe because it provides stakeholders, management, and the teams themselves with an objective measure of progress. It answers the critical question: \"Does the integrated solution actually work as intended?\"

In practice, the System Demo is where the rubber meets the road. Individual team demos may show features working in isolation, but the System Demo reveals integration issues, dependency problems, and the true state of the overall solution. This makes it an invaluable tool for managing risk and maintaining transparency in large-scale development.

Purpose

The System Demo serves several critical purposes within a SAFe implementation:

Objective assessment - provides an honest evaluation of the current state of the solution, based on working software rather than status reports
Integration validation - verifies that work from multiple teams integrates correctly and functions as a whole system
Stakeholder alignment - keeps business stakeholders informed and engaged, ensuring the solution meets their expectations
Feedback acceleration - shortens the feedback loop by enabling stakeholders to see and interact with working features every iteration
Risk reduction - surfaces integration issues early, before they compound into larger problems
ART synchronization - ensures all teams share a common understanding of progress and remaining work
PI objective tracking - provides data to assess progress toward Program Increment (PI) objectives

Cadence and Timebox

SAFe recommends the following parameters for the System Demo:

Parameter	Recommendation
Frequency	End of every iteration (typically every 2 weeks)
Timebox	60 minutes (can vary based on ART size)
Timing	After all team-level iteration demos
Environment	Staging or integration environment
Format	Live demonstration, not slides

The regular cadence is essential. Skipping System Demos, even when there seems to be little to show, undermines the discipline of continuous integration and feedback. Every iteration should produce a demonstrable increment.

Participants

Required participants

Release Train Engineer (RTE) - facilitates the event and ensures it runs efficiently
Product Management - evaluates the increment against business requirements and PI objectives
System Architect/Engineer - assesses technical integration and architectural compliance
Team representatives - developers who can explain and demonstrate their contributions
Business stakeholders - provide feedback and validate business value

Optional participants

Solution Architect - for Large Solution SAFe contexts
Customers - when direct customer feedback is valuable
Supporting teams - infrastructure, security, UX, and other enabling teams
Management - for visibility into progress and impediments

Preparation

Effective System Demos require careful preparation:

Before the demo

Integrate early and often - teams should continuously integrate their work throughout the iteration, not just at the end
Set up the demo environment - ensure the staging/integration environment reflects the latest integrated code
Define the demo script - create a logical flow that shows how features work together, not just individual team contributions
Rehearse - a quick dry run catches environment issues and timing problems before the actual event
Prepare for failures - have backup plans if the live demo encounters issues

Demo environment

The demo should run in a staging or integration environment that is as close to production as possible:

All team code must be merged and deployed
Test data should represent realistic scenarios
The environment should be stable and not actively being modified during the demo
Automated CI/CD pipelines should handle the deployment

Running the System Demo

Recommended flow

Brief context setting (5 min) - the RTE provides a brief overview of the iteration's objectives and what will be demonstrated
Live demonstration (40-45 min) - features are demonstrated in a logical flow that shows integration and end-to-end scenarios
Feedback and discussion (10-15 min) - stakeholders ask questions, provide feedback, and raise concerns
Assessment (5 min) - a quick assessment of progress toward PI objectives

Best practices for the demo itself

Show working software - the demo should always be live, running code in an integrated environment. Slides and mockups defeat the purpose
Follow user journeys - demonstrate features as a user would experience them, not as technical components
Highlight integration - explicitly show how work from different teams connects and functions together
Be honest about issues - if something does not work, acknowledge it. The System Demo is about transparency, not marketing
Focus on business value - explain what the features mean for users and the business, not just what was technically implemented

System Demo vs Team Sprint Review

The System Demo and the team-level Sprint Review serve different but complementary purposes:

Aspect	Team Sprint Review	System Demo
Scope	Single team's work	All teams in the ART
Focus	Individual features and stories	Integrated solution
Audience	Team stakeholders, Product Owner	ART stakeholders, Product Management
Environment	Team dev/test environment	Integration/staging environment
Frequency	End of each sprint	End of each iteration
Duration	1-2 hours	60 minutes
Facilitator	Scrum Master	Release Train Engineer
Framework	Scrum	SAFe

The team Sprint Review happens first, where individual teams demo their work. The System Demo aggregates these into an integrated view, revealing how the pieces work together.

Integration Challenges

The System Demo often reveals integration challenges that are invisible at the team level:

Common integration issues

API contract mismatches - teams build to different assumptions about shared interfaces
Data inconsistencies - different teams handle data formats or states differently
Performance degradation - features that work fine in isolation may cause performance issues when integrated
UX inconsistencies - different teams may implement inconsistent user experiences
Dependency conflicts - shared libraries or services may have version conflicts

Addressing integration issues

Continuous integration - teams should merge and integrate code multiple times per day, not just at the end of the iteration
Shared standards - define and enforce coding standards, API contracts, and architectural guidelines
Integration testing - automated integration tests should run in the CI/CD pipeline
Architecture runway - the System Architect maintains an architecture runway that anticipates integration needs
Communities of Practice - cross-team communities help align practices and share knowledge

Metrics and Assessment

Progress metrics

The System Demo provides data for several important metrics:

PI objective completion - percentage of PI objectives achieved or on track
Feature completion - number of features demonstrated and accepted
Integration health - number and severity of integration defects found
Velocity - aggregate ART velocity across all teams
Demo readiness - whether the team was able to demonstrate in the integrated environment (a proxy for integration maturity)

Assessment approach

After the demo, stakeholders should assess:

Is the solution progressing as expected toward PI objectives?
Are there significant integration issues that need attention?
Does the demonstrated functionality meet business expectations?
Are there emerging risks that require mitigation?
Should priorities be adjusted for the next iteration?

Scaling the System Demo

For large ARTs (10+ teams)

Focus on end-to-end scenarios rather than team-by-team presentations
Use pre-recorded segments for individual team features, with live integration demos
Extend the timebox if necessary, but maintain engagement
Consider splitting into multiple themed demos with a final integration session

For Solution-level demos

In Large Solution SAFe, the Solution Demo aggregates System Demos from multiple ARTs:

Demonstrates the integrated work of the entire solution
Occurs at the end of each PI (not every iteration)
Is facilitated by the Solution Train Engineer
Includes Solution Management and Solution Architect

Common Mistakes

Slide demos - showing slides instead of working software defeats the entire purpose
Team-by-team format - showing each team's work in isolation misses the integration perspective
Skipping when \"nothing to show\" - every iteration should produce demonstrable progress; skipping hides problems
Not rehearsing - environment issues and timing problems are easily caught with a brief dry run
Filtering bad news - the System Demo must show the real state of the solution, not a polished version
No stakeholder attendance - without stakeholder feedback, the demo loses its primary value
Demo only at PI boundaries - the System Demo should happen every iteration, not just at PI events

Frequently Asked Questions

What is a System Demo in SAFe?

A System Demo is an event in the Scaled Agile Framework (SAFe) where the integrated work from all teams in an Agile Release Train is demonstrated to stakeholders at the end of each iteration. It shows how features from multiple teams work together as a cohesive solution, providing an objective assessment of progress.

How is a System Demo different from a Sprint Review?

A Sprint Review showcases a single team's work at the end of a sprint. A System Demo showcases the integrated work of all teams in an ART. Sprint Reviews happen at the team level and are facilitated by the Scrum Master; System Demos happen at the ART level and are facilitated by the Release Train Engineer. The System Demo focuses specifically on integration and the overall solution.

How long should a System Demo last?

SAFe recommends a timebox of approximately 60 minutes for the System Demo. For larger ARTs with many teams, the timebox may need to be extended, but it is better to focus on key integration scenarios than to try to show everything. Preparation and rehearsal help keep the demo within the timebox.

Who facilitates the System Demo?

The Release Train Engineer (RTE) facilitates the System Demo. The RTE is responsible for ensuring the event is well-organized, stays within the timebox, and produces meaningful feedback. The RTE coordinates with team representatives and Product Management to define the demo script and flow.

What should be demonstrated in a System Demo?

The System Demo should show working, integrated software in a staging or integration environment. Focus on end-to-end user scenarios that span multiple teams' contributions. Highlight how features integrate together rather than showing individual team outputs. The demo should be live software, not slides or mockups.

What happens if the System Demo reveals integration issues?

Integration issues discovered during the System Demo should be prioritized for the next iteration. The RTE and System Architect work together to assess the severity and assign resolution. Persistent integration issues may require changes to team practices, architecture, or the CI/CD pipeline. This is one of the most valuable aspects of the System Demo: finding problems early.

Should the System Demo happen even when there is little to show?

Yes, absolutely. Skipping the System Demo when there is \"nothing to show\" is a red flag indicating potential problems with continuous integration or team progress. Even small increments should be demonstrable. The discipline of regular demos drives teams to integrate frequently and maintain a working solution at all times.

How does the System Demo relate to PI Planning?

The System Demo provides ongoing feedback that informs the next PI Planning event. The cumulative results of all System Demos during a PI are assessed at the Inspect and Adapt event, which directly feeds into PI Planning priorities and objectives for the next increment.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"PI Planning","slug":"pi-planning","url":"/en/que-es/pi-planning","question":"What does PI Planning mean?","content":"PI Planning, or Program Increment Planning, is an event within SAFe that al..."},{"title":"Agile Release Train","slug":"agile-release-train","url":"/en/que-es/agile-release-train","question":"¿Qué es Agile Release Train?","content":"El Agile Release Train (ART) es un conjunto cohesionado de equipos Agile qu..."},{"title":"SAFe","slug":"safe---scaled-agile-framework","url":"/en/que-es/safe---scaled-agile-framework","question":"What does SAFe mean?","content":"Scaled Agile Framework (SAFe) is a set of organizational patterns for imple..."},{"title":"Extreme Programming - XP","slug":"extreme-programming---xp","url":"/en/que-es/extreme-programming---xp","question":"What is Extreme Programming?","content":"Extreme Programming or XP is an agile software development framework that f..."},{"title":"Agile Coach","slug":"agile-coach","url":"/en/que-es/agile-coach","question":"What is an Agile Coach?","content":"An Agile Coach is an expert in agility who guides individuals, teams, and o..."}]},{"title":"T-Shaped Skills","question":"What are T-Shaped Skills?","description":"T-Shaped skills combine deep expertise in one area with broad knowledge across disciplines. Complete guide with origin, benefits, development strategies, and team composition.","date":"2026-02-22","categories":["agile","career","professional development","skills","team building"],"published":true,"slug":"t-shaped","content":"

Definition

T-Shaped Skills (or T-Shaped Professionals) refer to a competency model where an individual combines deep expertise in a specific area (the vertical bar of the T) with broad knowledge and skills across multiple related disciplines (the horizontal bar of the T). This combination enables the professional to contribute meaningfully within their specialty while also collaborating effectively across different fields.

The \"T\" metaphor visually represents this balance: the vertical stroke symbolizes the depth of expertise in a core domain (e.g., backend development, data engineering, UX design), while the horizontal stroke represents the breadth of understanding across adjacent disciplines (e.g., frontend, DevOps, product management, testing).

T-Shaped professionals are highly valued in agile environments because they enable cross-functional teams to collaborate more effectively, reduce bottlenecks, and deliver value faster.

Origin

The concept of T-Shaped skills has multiple origin points:

David Guest (1991)

The term \"T-Shaped\" was first used in a professional context by David Guest in a 1991 article in The Independent newspaper, describing a combination of broad and deep skills as an ideal competency profile.

McKinsey & Company (1980s)

McKinsey & Company used the concept internally during the 1980s, referring to the \"T-shaped man\" (applied to all genders despite the terminology of the era). McKinsey valued consultants who had deep expertise in one industry or functional area while understanding enough about other domains to collaborate with diverse client teams.

Tim Brown / IDEO (2000s)

The concept was most widely popularized by Tim Brown, CEO of the design firm IDEO. Brown championed T-Shaped professionals as the ideal team members for design thinking and innovation processes, arguing that the combination of depth and breadth was essential for creative problem-solving in cross-disciplinary teams.

Brown stated: \"We look for people who are so inquisitive about the world that they're willing to try to do what you do. We call them 'T-shaped people.'\"

The Anatomy of the T

The Vertical Bar: Depth

The vertical bar represents mastery in a specific discipline. This is the professional's core competency -- the area where they can:

Solve complex problems independently.
Mentor and teach others.
Make expert-level decisions.
Contribute to the state of the art.
Be recognized as a go-to person within the organization.

Examples of depth areas in software development:

Frontend engineering (React, CSS architecture, web performance)
Backend engineering (distributed systems, API design, databases)
Data engineering (data pipelines, warehousing, ETL)
Machine learning engineering (model training, MLOps, deployment)
Security engineering (penetration testing, threat modeling, compliance)
Site Reliability Engineering (SRE) (infrastructure, monitoring, incident response)

The Horizontal Bar: Breadth

The horizontal bar represents functional knowledge across adjacent and complementary disciplines. This is not about being an expert in every field, but about understanding enough to:

Communicate effectively with specialists in other areas.
Contribute to discussions and decisions outside their primary expertise.
Identify when their work impacts other domains.
Fill in temporarily when a specialist is unavailable.
Appreciate the constraints and priorities of other disciplines.

Examples of breadth areas for a backend developer:

Frontend development (enough to review PRs and understand UI constraints)
DevOps and CI/CD (enough to configure pipelines and troubleshoot deployments)
Product management (enough to understand user needs and business priorities)
UX design (enough to provide informed feedback on user interfaces)
Testing and QA (enough to write effective tests and understand test strategies)
Data analysis (enough to query databases and interpret metrics)

Beyond the T: Related Models

I-Shaped (Specialist)

An I-Shaped professional has deep expertise in a single area but limited knowledge outside it. While specialists are valuable for their depth, they can create bottlenecks in teams -- if the only database expert is unavailable, database-related work stalls.

Dash-Shaped (Generalist)

A Dash-Shaped professional (represented by a horizontal line) has broad knowledge across many areas but deep expertise in none. Generalists can contribute to many tasks but may struggle with complex problems that require specialist knowledge.

Pi-Shaped (Double Deep)

A Pi-Shaped professional has deep expertise in two areas (the two vertical bars of the Greek letter Pi) plus broad knowledge across other disciplines. For example, a professional with deep expertise in both frontend development and UX design.

Comb-Shaped (Multi-specialist)

A Comb-Shaped professional has deep expertise in multiple areas, resembling the teeth of a comb. This profile is rare and typically develops over a long career with diverse experiences.

M-Shaped

Similar to Comb-Shaped, with multiple areas of deep expertise connected by broad understanding. Some organizations use \"M-Shaped\" to describe senior leaders who have developed expertise in both technical and management domains.

Benefits of T-Shaped Teams

Reduced bottlenecks

When team members have breadth across disciplines, work does not pile up waiting for a single specialist. A backend developer with frontend knowledge can pick up a frontend task when the frontend developer is occupied, keeping the team's flow moving.

Better collaboration

Professionals who understand each other's domains communicate more effectively. A tester who understands development can write better bug reports; a developer who understands UX can implement designs more faithfully.

Higher quality

Cross-disciplinary understanding leads to better decisions. A developer who understands operations considers deployment and monitoring during development. A designer who understands technical constraints creates feasible designs.

Greater innovation

T-Shaped professionals bring diverse perspectives to problem-solving. Innovation often happens at the intersection of disciplines, and teams with T-Shaped members are better positioned to find creative solutions.

Team resilience

Teams of T-Shaped professionals have a higher bus factor -- they are less vulnerable to the departure of any single team member because knowledge and capabilities are more distributed.

Improved estimation

When team members understand the work across disciplines, they can better estimate effort, identify risks, and plan work. This leads to more accurate forecasting and more reliable delivery.

How to Develop T-Shaped Skills

Deepening the vertical bar

Deliberate practice: work on increasingly challenging problems in your specialty.
Teaching and mentoring: explaining concepts to others forces deeper understanding.
Contributing to open source: engaging with the broader community in your specialty.
Reading deeply: books, papers, and technical documentation in your field.
Building side projects: experimenting with advanced techniques in a low-stakes environment.
Pursuing certifications: structured learning that validates expertise.

Broadening the horizontal bar

Pair with specialists: work alongside colleagues from other disciplines to learn their perspective and workflows.
Rotate responsibilities: periodically take on tasks outside your primary domain (e.g., a developer doing code review for frontend, a designer writing acceptance criteria).
Attend cross-functional meetings: participate in design reviews, retrospectives, and planning sessions for adjacent teams.
Read broadly: follow blogs, newsletters, and communities in related fields.
Ask questions: cultivate genuine curiosity about how other disciplines work and what challenges they face.
Volunteer for spikes: research tasks that cross disciplinary boundaries are excellent learning opportunities.

Organizational support

Organizations can foster T-Shaped development through:

Cross-functional teams: organizing teams around products or features rather than functions encourages broad skill development naturally.
Learning time: allocating time for professionals to explore areas outside their specialty (e.g., Google's \"20% time\", Atlassian's \"ShipIt days\").
Internal mobility: enabling and encouraging movement between teams and roles.
Mentorship programs: connecting specialists across disciplines for knowledge sharing.
Communities of practice: creating spaces where professionals from different teams share knowledge about their specialties.

T-Shaped Skills in Agile

The Scrum Guide describes development teams as cross-functional, meaning the team as a whole has all the skills necessary to deliver an increment. T-Shaped skills are the mechanism that makes this possible at the individual level.

In agile teams, T-Shaped skills enable:

Swarming: multiple team members can contribute to a single high-priority item, even if it crosses discipline boundaries.
Reduced WIP: team members can help wherever the work is, reducing the need for context-switching between specialties.
Self-organization: teams can decide who works on what based on capacity and priority, rather than being constrained by rigid role boundaries.
Continuous flow: in Kanban systems, T-Shaped skills prevent work from stacking up in a single column because specialists are unavailable.

FAQ

Is everyone expected to be equally skilled in all areas?

No. The \"T\" model explicitly acknowledges that depth in a primary area is essential. The horizontal bar represents functional knowledge -- enough to collaborate, contribute, and communicate -- not expert-level proficiency. A backend developer does not need to be as skilled at frontend as a dedicated frontend engineer.

How long does it take to develop T-Shaped skills?

Developing deep expertise typically takes 5-10 years of focused practice. Building meaningful breadth across related disciplines can happen more quickly, often within 1-3 years, especially in an environment that encourages cross-functional collaboration. The process is ongoing throughout a career.

Can T-Shaped skills be measured?

Skill matrices (or competency matrices) are a common tool for assessing T-Shaped skills within a team. Team members rate their proficiency in various areas, creating a visual map of the team's collective capabilities. This helps identify gaps and guide development efforts.

Should a Tech Lead have T-Shaped skills?

Absolutely. Tech Leads benefit enormously from T-Shaped skills because their role requires both deep technical expertise and the ability to understand and communicate across disciplines (product, design, operations, management). The breadth enables them to make informed decisions that consider the full picture.

Are T-Shaped skills more important than deep expertise?

Neither is more important -- they are complementary. Deep expertise without breadth creates bottlenecks and communication barriers. Breadth without depth lacks the ability to solve complex problems. The most effective professionals and teams have both. The ideal balance depends on the role and context.

How do T-Shaped skills relate to the bus factor?

The bus factor measures how many team members can leave before the team cannot function. Teams of I-Shaped specialists have a low bus factor because each person holds unique, irreplaceable knowledge. Teams of T-Shaped professionals have a higher bus factor because knowledge and capabilities overlap, making the team more resilient to changes in personnel.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"SAFe","slug":"safe---scaled-agile-framework","url":"/en/que-es/safe---scaled-agile-framework","question":"What does SAFe mean?","content":"Scaled Agile Framework (SAFe) is a set of organizational patterns for imple..."},{"title":"Self-Management","slug":"self-management","url":"/en/que-es/self-management","question":"What is Self-Management?","content":"In the context of Scrum, self-management refers to the concept of teams man..."},{"title":"User Story Map","slug":"user-story-map","url":"/en/que-es/user-story-map","question":"What is a User Story Map?","content":"User Story Map (USM), or User Story Mapping, is a technique that organizes..."},{"title":"Scrum of Scrums (SoS)","slug":"scrum-of-scrums","url":"/en/que-es/scrum-of-scrums","question":"What is Scrum of Scrums?","content":"Scrum of Scrums (SoS) is a scaling technique for coordinating work among mu..."},{"title":"Servant Leadership","slug":"servant-leadership","url":"/en/que-es/servant-leadership","question":"What is a Servant Leader?","content":"Servant Leadership is a philosophy where the main goal of the leader is to..."}]},{"title":"T-Shirt Sizing","question":"What is T-Shirt Sizing?","description":"It's an estimation technique that uses t-shirt sizes.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["estimating","fibonacci","planning poker","story points"],"published":true,"slug":"t-shirt","content":"

👕 T-Shirt Sizing

T-Shirt Sizing is an estimation technique that uses t-shirt sizes (XS, S, M, L, XL) or other relative scales to estimate the size or effort required for tasks or user stories.

📊 Relative Estimation

It focuses on comparing the size or effort of one task to another, rather than providing specific time-based estimates.

👥 Team Collaboration

Involves the entire team in the estimation process, allowing for a shared understanding of the effort or complexity represented by each size.

📈 Story Points

Story Points are another common technique of relative estimation, where tasks are assigned points to indicate their complexity or effort.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Fibonacci Sequence","slug":"fibonacci","url":"/en/que-es/fibonacci","question":"What is the Fibonacci Sequence?","content":"The Fibonacci Sequence is an infinite series of natural numbers where each..."},{"title":"Planning Poker","slug":"planning-poker","url":"/en/que-es/planning-poker","question":"What is Planning Poker?","content":"Planning Poker is a technique used in Agile teams to estimate the effort re..."},{"title":"A/B Testing","slug":"test-a-b","url":"/en/que-es/test-a-b","question":"What are A/B Tests?","content":"A/B tests, also known as A/B split tests, are a method for comparing two ve..."},{"title":"Spike","slug":"spikes","url":"/en/que-es/spikes","question":"What is a Spike?","content":"A spike is a time-boxed research, investigation, or experimentation task us..."},{"title":"Swarming","slug":"swarming","url":"/en/que-es/swarming","question":"What is Swarming?","content":"Swarming is a technique where the entire team focuses on a single task or u..."}]},{"title":"TDD","question":"What is Test Driven Development (TDD)?","description":"Test-Driven Development (TDD) is a programming approach that emphasizes writing tests before developing the code functionality.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["BDD","development","software"],"published":true,"slug":"tdd---test-driven-development","content":"

🧪 Test Driven Development (TDD)

Test-Driven Development (TDD) is a programming approach that emphasizes writing tests before developing the code functionality. This method ensures that the code meets the intended requirements and helps prevent errors.

📚 Origin

Test-Driven Development (TDD) was developed by Kent Beck in the late 1990s as part of Extreme Programming.

🔄 Iterative Process

TDD follows a cycle of adding a test, failing the test execution, writing code to pass the test, and then refactoring the code.

🎯 Focus

TDD focuses on testing small units of code at a time, ensuring that the system is built incrementally and with high test coverage.

🔴🟢 Refactoring Cycle

Also known as the 'Red-Green-Refactor' cycle, where code is written to make the failed test pass and then refactored to improve its structure.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"ALM","slug":"alm","url":"/en/que-es/alm","question":"What does ALM stand for?","content":"ALM, or Application Lifecycle Management, refers to the process of managing..."},{"title":"Alpha","slug":"alpha","url":"/en/que-es/alpha","question":"What is an Alpha version?","content":"An Alpha version is an early stage of a software product, typically release..."},{"title":"Beta","slug":"beta","url":"/en/que-es/beta","question":"What is a beta version?","content":"A beta version, also known as a preview, is a pre-release version of softwa..."},{"title":"Bug","slug":"bug","url":"/en/que-es/bug","question":"What is a bug?","content":"In the context of software, a bug refers to an error or flaw in the code th..."},{"title":"WET","slug":"wet","url":"/en/que-es/wet","question":"What does WET mean?","content":"The WET principle, translating to 'Write Everything Twice' or 'We Enjoy Typ..."}]},{"title":"Team Leader","question":"What is a Team Leader?","description":"It's the role responsible for overseeing operations to setting goals and solving problems.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["leadership","role"],"published":true,"slug":"team-leader","content":"

👥 Responsibility

The Team Leader is the role that acts as the bridge between management and team members. Their role includes overseeing daily operations, setting goals, measuring performance, and ensuring all team members are aligned with the organization's objectives. Additionally, an effective Team Leader provides guidance, support, and motivation to foster a positive and productive work environment.

📋 Organizer

Responsible for organizing the team's work, delegating tasks, and managing resources.

🎯 Strategist

Develops plans and strategies to achieve the company's and team's objectives, aligning with the organizational mission.

🗣️ Communicator

Facilitates internal and external communication, resolves conflicts, and promotes transparent dialogue.

💡 Problem Solver

Addresses challenges, makes informed decisions, and guides the team towards success.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Architect","slug":"architect","url":"/en/que-es/architect","question":"What is an Architect?","content":"The term 'computer architecture' was first used by IBM around 1959, referri..."},{"title":"Stakeholders","slug":"stakeholder","url":"/en/que-es/stakeholder","question":"What is a Stakeholder?","content":"A stakeholder is any individual or group of individuals with an interest in..."},{"title":"Scrum Master","slug":"scrum-master","url":"/en/que-es/scrum-master","question":"What is a Scrum Master?","content":"The Scrum Master is one of the three key roles in the Scrum framework, resp..."},{"title":"Top-Down","slug":"top-down","url":"/en/que-es/top-down","question":"What does Top-Down mean in transformation?","content":"In the context of agile transformation, the 'top-down' approach refers to a..."},{"title":"Servant Leadership","slug":"servant-leadership","url":"/en/que-es/servant-leadership","question":"What is a Servant Leader?","content":"Servant Leadership is a philosophy where the main goal of the leader is to..."}]},{"title":"Tech Lead","question":"What is a Tech Lead?","description":"A Tech Lead is a senior developer who provides technical leadership, guides architectural decisions, and mentors team members. Complete guide with responsibilities, skills, and career path.","date":"2026-02-22","categories":["development","engineering","leadership","management","software"],"published":true,"slug":"tech-lead","content":"

Definition

A Tech Lead (TL), also known as Technical Lead or Technical Leader, is a senior software engineer who combines deep technical expertise with leadership responsibilities. The Tech Lead guides the technical direction of a team or project, makes architectural and design decisions, mentors team members, and serves as the bridge between engineering execution and business objectives.

Unlike a purely managerial role, the Tech Lead typically remains hands-on with code, contributing to the codebase while also taking responsibility for the team's technical health, code quality, and engineering practices. The role balances individual contribution with team enablement -- a Tech Lead's success is measured not only by their personal output but by the output and growth of the entire team.

Key Responsibilities

Technical direction and architecture

The Tech Lead sets the technical vision and direction for the team's work:

Making high-level architectural decisions and documenting them (Architecture Decision Records).
Choosing technologies, frameworks, and tools appropriate for the team's needs.
Defining and evolving the system's architecture over time.
Evaluating trade-offs between different technical approaches.
Ensuring the system's design supports current requirements and foreseeable future needs without over-engineering (following the KISS principle).

Code quality and engineering practices

Maintaining high engineering standards across the team:

Establishing coding standards, conventions, and best practices.
Leading code review processes and setting review expectations.
Championing testing practices (unit, integration, end-to-end).
Managing technical debt and advocating for time to address it.
Setting up and maintaining CI/CD pipelines and development tooling.
Promoting practices from Extreme Programming like pair programming, TDD, and refactoring.

Mentorship and team development

Growing the technical capabilities of team members:

Providing guidance on technical challenges and design decisions.
Conducting one-on-one sessions to discuss technical growth.
Pairing with junior developers to accelerate their learning.
Sharing knowledge through tech talks, documentation, and knowledge-sharing sessions.
Identifying skill gaps and recommending learning paths.
Creating an environment where team members feel safe to experiment and learn from failures.

Communication and stakeholder management

Serving as the technical voice in broader organizational conversations:

Translating business requirements into technical plans.
Communicating technical constraints, risks, and trade-offs to non-technical stakeholders.
Collaborating with Product Managers to refine and estimate backlog items.
Participating in three amigos sessions to align business, development, and testing perspectives.
Representing the team's technical needs in architectural and cross-team discussions.
Providing visibility into technical progress and blockers.

Technical risk management

Identifying and mitigating technical risks:

Conducting spikes to reduce uncertainty before committing to an approach.
Identifying potential failure modes and designing for resilience.
Planning for scalability challenges before they become critical.
Monitoring and addressing security vulnerabilities.
Ensuring disaster recovery and business continuity plans are in place.

Tech Lead vs Engineering Manager

The distinction between Tech Lead and Engineering Manager is one of the most commonly misunderstood aspects of engineering organizations:

Aspect	Tech Lead	Engineering Manager
Primary focus	Technical excellence and direction	People management and team health
Hands-on coding	Significant (40-70% of time)	Minimal (0-20% of time)
Direct reports	Usually none (informal mentorship)	Direct reports with HR responsibilities
Key decisions	Architecture, technology, code quality	Hiring, performance reviews, promotions
Accountable for	Technical outcomes and system quality	Team well-being, retention, growth
Career path	IC (Individual Contributor) track	Management track
Meetings	Technical discussions, design reviews	1:1s, hiring interviews, cross-org

In many organizations, these roles are distinct, and a team has both a Tech Lead and an Engineering Manager who collaborate closely. In smaller teams or startups, one person may fill both roles, though this combination (sometimes called \"Tech Lead Manager\" or TLM) is demanding and can lead to one aspect being neglected.

Tech Lead vs Staff Engineer

In mature engineering organizations, Staff Engineer is a more senior individual contributor role that differs from Tech Lead:

Aspect	Tech Lead	Staff Engineer
Scope	Single team	Multiple teams or organization
Focus	Team delivery and practices	Cross-cutting technical strategy
Duration	Often rotational	Permanent career level
Influence	Direct (within team)	Indirect (through influence and guidance)
Coding	Significant	Variable (may focus on prototypes, proofs of concept)

Skills Required

Technical skills

Deep expertise in the team's primary technology stack.
Broad knowledge across related technologies and systems (T-shaped skills).
System design ability to design scalable, maintainable, and resilient architectures.
Debugging proficiency in diagnosing and resolving complex issues across system boundaries.
Security awareness understanding of common vulnerabilities and secure coding practices.

Leadership skills

Communication: clearly articulating technical concepts to diverse audiences.
Decision-making: making timely decisions with incomplete information and standing by them.
Delegation: knowing when to solve problems directly and when to empower others.
Conflict resolution: mediating technical disagreements constructively.
Influence without authority: persuading without hierarchical power.

Strategic skills

Prioritization: balancing feature work, technical debt, and operational needs.
Estimation: providing realistic technical estimates and communicating uncertainty.
Risk assessment: identifying and quantifying technical risks for stakeholders.
Long-term thinking: making decisions that consider future implications, not just immediate needs.

Common Challenges

Balancing coding and leadership

One of the biggest challenges is deciding how much time to spend coding versus leading. Spending too much time coding leaves the team without guidance; spending too little creates a disconnect from the codebase and reduces technical credibility. Most experienced Tech Leads aim for 30-50% coding time, focusing on high-impact areas, complex problems, and unblocking work.

Avoiding becoming a bottleneck

Tech Leads who review every PR, make every decision, or become the sole expert on critical systems create bottlenecks that slow the team. Effective Tech Leads deliberately distribute knowledge, delegate decisions, and build the team's autonomy.

Managing technical debt

Every engineering team accumulates technical debt. The Tech Lead must advocate for time to address it while balancing business pressure to deliver features. Strategies include allocating a fixed percentage of sprint capacity to debt reduction, incorporating small refactors into feature work, and quantifying the cost of debt in terms stakeholders understand.

Staying current

Technology evolves rapidly. Tech Leads must stay informed about new tools, patterns, and practices while avoiding the trap of adopting every new technology. The skill is in evaluating what is genuinely useful for the team versus what is merely trendy.

Dealing with ambiguity

Many problems a Tech Lead faces do not have clear right answers. Architecture decisions involve trade-offs, not optimal solutions. The ability to make decisions under uncertainty, communicate the rationale, and adapt when new information emerges is essential.

How to Become a Tech Lead

Typical path

Junior Developer (0-2 years): learning fundamentals, writing code, contributing to the team.
Mid-level Developer (2-5 years): owning features end-to-end, mentoring juniors, deepening expertise.
Senior Developer (5-8 years): leading technical initiatives, designing systems, influencing team practices.
Tech Lead (8+ years): combining technical depth with team leadership responsibilities.

Accelerators

Volunteer for ownership: take responsibility for components, services, or technical areas.
Lead by example: demonstrate the engineering practices you want the team to adopt.
Communicate proactively: share context, decisions, and rationale with the team and stakeholders.
Develop T-shaped skills: deepen your expertise while broadening your knowledge across related areas.
Seek feedback: regularly ask for feedback from peers, managers, and reports on your leadership effectiveness.

The Tech Lead in Agile Teams

In agile teams, the Tech Lead collaborates closely with other roles:

Product Owner/Manager: the Tech Lead provides technical feasibility input and helps refine stories, while the Product Owner sets priorities and defines acceptance criteria.
Scrum Master / Agile Coach: the Scrum Master facilitates process and removes impediments, while the Tech Lead focuses on technical impediments and engineering practices.
Developers: the Tech Lead guides, mentors, and unblocks, but does not dictate. Agile teams value self-organization, and the Tech Lead should enable rather than command.

FAQ

Is a Tech Lead a management position?

No, in most organizations the Tech Lead remains on the individual contributor (IC) career track. While the role involves leadership, it does not typically include people management responsibilities like hiring decisions, performance reviews, salary negotiations, or terminations. Those belong to the Engineering Manager role.

Can a team have both a Tech Lead and an Engineering Manager?

Yes, and in many mature engineering organizations, this is the preferred structure. The Tech Lead handles technical direction and quality, while the Engineering Manager handles people management, hiring, and career development. This dual-track model allows each person to focus on their strengths.

How much coding should a Tech Lead do?

There is no universal answer, but most experienced Tech Leads spend 30-50% of their time coding. The key is to be strategic about what you code: focus on high-impact, complex, or unblocking work rather than trying to be the highest-volume contributor. Your value as a Tech Lead comes from multiplying the team's output, not maximizing your own.

What is the difference between a Tech Lead and a Principal Engineer?

A Principal Engineer is typically a more senior individual contributor role focused on cross-team or organization-wide technical strategy. A Tech Lead is usually scoped to a single team and balances hands-on coding with team leadership. Principal Engineers influence through technical vision and mentorship rather than direct team management.

How does a Tech Lead handle disagreements about technical approaches?

Effective Tech Leads foster healthy technical debate. They encourage team members to present alternatives, facilitate discussions about trade-offs, and make clear decisions when consensus cannot be reached. The key principles are: listen actively, focus on data and trade-offs rather than preferences, document the decision and rationale, and commit to the chosen approach even if it was not your first choice.

Should a Tech Lead specialize or generalize?

Both. The most effective Tech Leads have T-shaped skills: deep expertise in one or two areas (the vertical bar) combined with broad knowledge across the stack and related domains (the horizontal bar). Deep expertise provides credibility and the ability to solve the hardest problems; broad knowledge enables effective collaboration and informed decision-making.

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🖥️ Definition

Testing, or test, is a procedure conducted to verify and validate the functionality, performance, security, and usability of a software product. This process is crucial for identifying and correcting errors, inconsistencies, or any other issues before the product is released to the market or delivered to the client.

🔄 Evolution

Testing activities have evolved with new techniques and approaches as applications become more complex.

🎯 Acceptance Testing

UAT (User Acceptance Testing) verifies if the entire system works as intended.

🔍 Code Review

Confirms that new and modified software adheres to coding standards and best practices.

🤝 Integration Testing

Integration tests ensure that software components or functions work together.

🧪 Unit Testing

Unit tests check that each unit of the software operates as expected.

📝 Functional Testing

Functional tests validate the system's functionalities by simulating user interaction scenarios based on specified requirements.

⚙️ Performance Testing

Performance tests evaluate the software's performance under different workloads.

🔁 Regression Testing

Regression tests check if new features break or degrade functionality.

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🔬 Definition

A/B tests, also known as A/B split tests, are a method for comparing two versions of a webpage or application to determine which one performs better.

📊 Purpose

It is used to optimize the user experience (UX) and increase conversions by identifying which design or content variation is more effective.

🖥️ Process

A/B testing involves showing two or more versions (A and B) to different segments of website visitors at the same time and then analyzing the results to determine the better-performing version.

🧪 Implementation

The process is typically part of a broader Conversion Rate Optimization (CRO) strategy and is widely used in digital marketing and web design.

📈 Variants

A and B are the variants being tested, with A often being the current design (control) and B being a modified version (variation).

🔀 Random

Visitors are randomly assigned to either A or B, ensuring a fair comparison between the two variants.

📊 Analysis

Data on user behavior and conversions are collected and analyzed to determine which variant is more effective.

🖥️ Digital Elements

A/B testing can involve testing various digital elements such as webpage design, content, forms, and calls to action.

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🧪 Role

A tester, also known as a test engineer or QA (Quality Assurance), is primarily responsible for ensuring that software products function correctly, are free of errors, and meet specified quality standards.

📝 Responsibility

Testers analyze specifications, develop test cases, execute tests, report defects, and provide feedback to developers.

🔍 Skills

They need to be familiar with programming, understand system requirements, and have strong analytical and problem-solving skills.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Testing","slug":"test","url":"/en/que-es/test","question":"What is Testing?","content":"Testing, or test, is a procedure conducted to verify and validate the funct..."},{"title":"QA","slug":"qa---quality-assurance","url":"/en/que-es/qa---quality-assurance","question":"What does QA mean?","content":"Quality Assurance (QA) is the systematic process of ensuring that software..."},{"title":"Alpha","slug":"alpha","url":"/en/que-es/alpha","question":"What is an Alpha version?","content":"An Alpha version is an early stage of a software product, typically release..."},{"title":"Beta","slug":"beta","url":"/en/que-es/beta","question":"What is a beta version?","content":"A beta version, also known as a preview, is a pre-release version of softwa..."},{"title":"Release Candidate","slug":"release-candidate","url":"/en/que-es/release-candidate","question":"What is a Release Candidate (RC)?","content":"A Release Candidate (RC) is a version of software that has passed all plann..."}]},{"title":"Three Amigos","question":"What does Three Amigos mean?","description":"Three Amigos is an agile practice where Business, Development, and Testing collaborate to define acceptance criteria. Complete guide with format, benefits, examples, and BDD connection.","date":"2026-02-22","categories":["BDD","agile","business","collaboration","development","product","software development"],"published":true,"slug":"three-amigos","content":"

Definition

\"Three Amigos\" is a collaborative practice in agile software development where three key perspectives -- Business (Product), Development, and Testing (Quality) -- come together to discuss, refine, and align on a user story or feature before development begins. The goal is to build a shared understanding of what needs to be built, why it matters, and how it will be validated.

The term was coined by George Dinwiddie and is closely associated with Behavior-Driven Development (BDD). The practice ensures that requirements are examined from multiple viewpoints before a single line of code is written, dramatically reducing misunderstandings, rework, and defects.

A Three Amigos session is not a formal meeting in the traditional sense -- it is a focused, time-boxed conversation (typically 15-30 minutes per user story) that produces clarity, consensus, and well-defined acceptance criteria.

The Three Perspectives

Business (Product) Perspective

Represented by the Product Owner, Product Manager, Business Analyst, or any stakeholder who understands the business need.

This perspective answers:

Why are we building this? What problem does it solve?
Who is this for? What user or customer segment benefits?
What value does it deliver? How does it impact business metrics?
What is the priority relative to other work?

The business perspective ensures the team focuses on the right problem and understands the context behind the request. Without this perspective, teams risk building technically correct solutions to the wrong problems.

Development Perspective

Represented by a developer or engineer who will implement the solution.

This perspective answers:

How can this be built? What technical approach will we use?
What are the technical constraints or limitations?
What dependencies exist (APIs, databases, other services)?
What is the impact on the existing architecture?
How long will this realistically take?
What edge cases might we encounter?

The development perspective identifies technical feasibility, highlights risks, and surfaces implementation details that affect scope and timeline. Developers often see implications that are not obvious from a business or testing viewpoint.

Testing (Quality) Perspective

Represented by a QA engineer, tester, or any team member with a quality-focused mindset.

This perspective answers:

How will we verify this works correctly?
What are the acceptance criteria?
What could go wrong? What are the edge cases?
What happens with invalid inputs, timeouts, or errors?
How will we test this? (manually, automated, or both?)
What existing functionality might be affected (regression risk)?

The testing perspective is invaluable because testers are trained to think about what can break. They ask the uncomfortable questions that prevent defects from reaching users.

How to Run a Three Amigos Session

Before the session

Select the stories: choose 2-4 user stories that are candidates for the upcoming sprint or work cycle.
Pre-read: share the user stories with all participants ahead of time so they can come prepared with questions and ideas.
Time-box: allocate 15-30 minutes per story. Keep the total session under 90 minutes to maintain energy and focus.

During the session

Business presents the story: the Product Owner explains the user story, its context, and the expected value.
Questions and discussion: all three perspectives ask questions, challenge assumptions, and explore edge cases.
Define acceptance criteria: collaboratively write the conditions that must be true for the story to be considered complete. Using the Given-When-Then format (Gherkin) is common but not required.
Identify unknowns: if significant unknowns emerge, decide whether a spike is needed before committing to the story.
Document the outcome: update the story with the refined acceptance criteria, notes, and any open questions.

After the session

Update the user story in the team's tracking tool (Jira, Asana, etc.).
If the team uses BDD, convert the acceptance criteria into executable specifications (Gherkin feature files).
Flag any stories that need further refinement or spikes before they are ready for development.

Example: Three Amigos in Practice

User story: \"As a customer, I want to reset my password via email so that I can regain access to my account.\"

Business perspective questions and inputs

\"This is the most common support ticket we receive. Reducing password reset friction would save approximately 200 support hours per month.\"
\"The email should come from our branded domain, not a generic address.\"
\"We need to comply with security regulations -- the reset link must expire.\"

Development perspective questions and inputs

\"We will use our existing email service. The reset token should be a cryptographically secure random string.\"
\"The token should expire after 1 hour for security.\"
\"We need to rate-limit requests to prevent abuse -- maximum 3 reset requests per hour per email.\"
\"Should we invalidate previous tokens when a new one is requested?\"

Testing perspective questions and inputs

\"What happens if the user requests a reset for an email that does not exist in our system? We should not reveal whether the email exists (security best practice).\"
\"What happens if the user clicks the link after it has expired?\"
\"What if the user requests multiple resets -- does only the latest link work?\"
\"Does the user remain logged in on other devices after resetting?\"
\"What if the email ends up in spam? Do we provide an alternative recovery method?\"

Resulting acceptance criteria

Scenario: Successful password reset request Given I am on the login page When I click \"Forgot password\" and enter my registered email Then I should see a confirmation message regardless of whether the email exists And a reset email should be sent only if the email is registered Scenario: Password reset link expiration Given I have received a password reset email When I click the reset link after 1 hour has passed Then I should see a message that the link has expired And I should be able to request a new reset link Scenario: Rate limiting Given I have requested 3 password resets in the last hour When I request another reset Then I should be informed to try again later

This example demonstrates how the Three Amigos session produces much richer acceptance criteria than any single perspective would generate alone.

Benefits of Three Amigos

Early problem identification

Issues that would typically be discovered during development or testing are identified before coding begins. This is far cheaper -- fixing a misunderstanding in a 20-minute conversation costs almost nothing compared to reworking a feature after days of development.

Shared understanding

All three perspectives leave the session with the same mental model of what needs to be built. This alignment eliminates the \"telephone game\" effect where requirements degrade as they pass from person to person.

Better acceptance criteria

Acceptance criteria created collaboratively by all three perspectives are more complete, more testable, and less ambiguous than those written by a single person.

Faster delivery

While Three Amigos sessions require time upfront, they save much more time downstream by reducing rework, bugs, and back-and-forth clarifications during development.

Improved quality

By bringing the testing perspective into the conversation early, the team considers edge cases, error handling, and validation scenarios that would otherwise be discovered late (or not at all).

Stronger team culture

Regular Three Amigos sessions build empathy between disciplines. Developers understand business constraints, product people understand technical trade-offs, and testers are valued for their critical thinking rather than treated as gatekeepers.

Three Amigos and BDD

Three Amigos sessions are the natural precursor to Behavior-Driven Development (BDD). The acceptance criteria produced in a Three Amigos session can be written directly as BDD scenarios using the Gherkin syntax (Given-When-Then), which then become:

Living documentation: human-readable specifications that describe system behavior.
Executable tests: automated tests that verify the system behaves as specified.
Communication artifacts: a shared language between business and technical team members.

Tools like Cucumber, SpecFlow, and Behave execute these specifications as automated tests, creating a direct link between requirements and validation.

Common Challenges and Solutions

\"We do not have dedicated testers\"

The testing perspective does not require a dedicated QA engineer. Any team member can adopt the quality mindset during the session -- asking \"What could go wrong?\" and \"How will we verify this?\" Developers, designers, or even product owners can fill this role. In teams practicing whole-team quality, everyone shares responsibility for quality.

\"The sessions take too long\"

Time-box strictly: 15-30 minutes per story. If a story generates so many questions that it exceeds the time box, it probably needs to be broken into smaller stories or requires a spike first.

\"We cannot get all three perspectives in the room\"

Asynchronous Three Amigos can work: the business perspective writes the story and initial criteria, the development perspective adds technical notes and questions, and the testing perspective adds test scenarios and edge cases. However, the synchronous conversation is more effective for building shared understanding.

\"Stories still have gaps after the session\"

This is normal and expected. Three Amigos reduces gaps significantly but cannot eliminate all ambiguity. Encourage developers to raise questions as they emerge during implementation rather than making assumptions.

When to Hold Three Amigos Sessions

Common timing

During backlog refinement: as part of the regular refinement process, 1-2 sessions per week.
Before sprint planning: ensure stories are ready before they are selected for a sprint.
On demand: when a story is complex or ambiguous, request a Three Amigos session before committing to it.

Frequency guidelines

Team maturity	Frequency	Stories per session
New to Three Amigos	Weekly, 60-90 minutes	3-5 stories
Experienced	As needed, 30-60 minutes	2-4 stories
Advanced	Embedded in daily workflow	1-2 stories ad hoc

FAQ

Must there be exactly three people in a Three Amigos session?

No. \"Three Amigos\" refers to three perspectives, not three people. A session might include two developers, a product owner, and a QA engineer (four people, three perspectives). What matters is that business, development, and testing viewpoints are all represented.

Is Three Amigos the same as backlog refinement?

Not exactly. Backlog refinement is a broader activity that includes prioritization, estimation, and story decomposition. Three Amigos is a specific technique focused on building shared understanding and defining acceptance criteria for individual stories. Three Amigos sessions can be part of the refinement process.

How does Three Amigos relate to the Definition of Ready (DoR)?

Many teams include \"Three Amigos session completed\" as one of the criteria in their Definition of Ready. This ensures that no story enters a sprint without having been examined from all three perspectives.

Can Three Amigos work in remote teams?

Yes. Video calls with screen sharing work well for Three Amigos sessions. Collaborative tools like Miro, FigJam, or even a shared document can replace the physical whiteboard. The key is to maintain the interactive, conversational nature of the session rather than turning it into a presentation.

What if business and development disagree during the session?

Disagreements are healthy and expected -- they indicate that the session is surfacing important issues. The product owner has the final say on business priorities and scope, while the development perspective has authority on technical feasibility. If a compromise cannot be reached, a time-boxed spike can provide the data needed to make an informed decision.

Do we need Three Amigos for every story?

Not necessarily. Simple, well-understood stories (e.g., \"Change the button color from blue to green\") may not benefit from a full Three Amigos session. Focus the practice on stories that involve complexity, ambiguity, or significant risk. As the team matures, they develop a sense for which stories need the conversation and which do not.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"DevOps","slug":"devops","url":"/en/que-es/devops","question":"What is DevOps?","content":"DevOps is a software development philosophy that focuses on communication,..."},{"title":"TDD","slug":"tdd---test-driven-development","url":"/en/que-es/tdd---test-driven-development","question":"What is Test Driven Development (TDD)?","content":"Test-Driven Development (TDD) is a programming approach that emphasizes wri..."},{"title":"User Story Map","slug":"user-story-map","url":"/en/que-es/user-story-map","question":"What is a User Story Map?","content":"User Story Map (USM), or User Story Mapping, is a technique that organizes..."},{"title":"Mob Programming","slug":"mob-programming","url":"/en/que-es/mob-programming","question":"What is mob programming?","content":"Mob Programming is a software development approach where a group of program..."},{"title":"Discovery","slug":"discovery","url":"/en/que-es/discovery","question":"What is Discovery?","content":"Discovery is the process of determining what product or service to build, f..."}]},{"title":"Throughput","question":"What is throughput?","description":"It is the number of work items completed within a specific timeframe.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["agile","delivery","kanban","metric"],"published":true,"slug":"throughput","content":"

🔄 Definition

In the Kanban method, 'throughput' is used to describe the total number of tasks or work items that a team manages to complete during a specified period. This indicator is a measure of the team's productivity and efficiency and is used to assess and improve performance over time.

📊 Metric

Throughput is a key performance indicator that helps teams understand their delivery capacity and efficiency.

🔍 Measurement

Throughput is measured by counting the number of tasks or user stories that have been completed and delivered over a period, often per iteration or per week.

📈 Tracking

Teams can use throughput data to better track improvements in their delivery process and identify potential bottlenecks.

🔢 Type

Throughput is a quantitative measure of how much work is being completed over time within a Kanban system.

🏭 Analogy

It can be compared to the output of a factory, indicating the rate at which work is being processed and delivered.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"CFD","slug":"cfd","url":"/en/que-es/cfd","question":"What is a CFD?","content":"A Cumulative Flow Diagram (CFD) is a visual tool used in Kanban to track th..."},{"title":"Cost of Delay","slug":"cost-of-delay","url":"/en/que-es/cost-of-delay","question":"What is Cost of Delay?","content":"The Cost of Delay (CoD) represents the economic impact of a delay in the de..."},{"title":"Downstream","slug":"downstream","url":"/en/que-es/downstream","question":"What is downstream?","content":"Refers to the activities from the receipt of a request to the completion of..."},{"title":"Agile Manifesto","slug":"agile-manifesto","url":"/en/que-es/agile-manifesto","question":"What is the Agile Manifesto?","content":"The Agile Manifesto is a document created on February 12, 2001, by 17 softw..."},{"title":"Lead Time","slug":"lead-time","url":"/en/que-es/lead-time","question":"What is Lead Time?","content":"Lead Time, or delivery time, is the total duration from the start to the co..."}]},{"title":"Timeboxing","question":"What is timeboxing?","description":"It is a technique used to limit the time spent on a meeting or task.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["agile","meeting","time"],"published":true,"slug":"timebox","content":"

⏳ Definition

A timebox is a time management concept that assigns a specific and predefined period of time to an activity, meeting, or task.

🎯 Purpose

The goal is to enhance efficiency and productivity by preventing excessive time spent on a single task and encouraging concentration and focus.

🏉 Scrum

In Scrum, all events have a recommended fixed timebox.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Narrative Flow","slug":"narrative-flow","url":"/en/que-es/narrative-flow","question":"What is Narrative Flow in agile?","content":"Narrative Flow is a facilitation technique used in agile environments where..."},{"title":"Backlog","slug":"backlog","url":"/en/que-es/backlog","question":"What is a Backlog?","content":"A backlog is an ordered list of work for a development team that is derived..."},{"title":"Blockages","slug":"blockages","url":"/en/que-es/blockages","question":"What is a blockage?","content":"In frameworks like Scrum and Kanban, a 'blockage' refers to any obstacle th..."},{"title":"Bottom-Up","slug":"bottom-up","url":"/en/que-es/bottom-up","question":"What is the Bottom-Up transformation approach?","content":"In Agile transformation, the Bottom-Up approach means that teams and indivi..."},{"title":"Agile Alliance","slug":"agile-alliance","url":"/en/que-es/agile-alliance","question":"What is the Agile Alliance?","content":"Agile Alliance is a global non-profit organization dedicated to promoting t..."}]},{"title":"Top-Down","question":"What does Top-Down mean in transformation?","description":"It's an approach where senior management leads the transformation initiative.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["agile","leadership","transformation"],"published":true,"slug":"top-down","content":"

🔝 Definition

In the context of agile transformation, the 'top-down' approach refers to a process in which the change initiative is led by the upper levels of the organization. In this method, leaders or senior management make strategic decisions, establish the vision and direction for the transformation, and then these decisions are implemented throughout the organization.

📈 Advantages and Needs

This approach can ensure a coherent vision and direction, providing a good threshold of empowerment and adoption speed in the organization's transformation, but it also requires leaders to understand and practice agile principles and practices to effectively guide the transformation.

🎯 Vision

The top-down approach involves communicating a clear vision and aligning it with organizational goals, which can lead to quick decision-making and clear directions.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Servant Leadership","slug":"servant-leadership","url":"/en/que-es/servant-leadership","question":"What is a Servant Leader?","content":"Servant Leadership is a philosophy where the main goal of the leader is to..."},{"title":"Bottom-Up","slug":"bottom-up","url":"/en/que-es/bottom-up","question":"What is the Bottom-Up transformation approach?","content":"In Agile transformation, the Bottom-Up approach means that teams and indivi..."},{"title":"Throughput","slug":"throughput","url":"/en/que-es/throughput","question":"What is throughput?","content":"In the Kanban method, 'throughput' is used to describe the total number of..."},{"title":"System Demo","slug":"system-demo","url":"/en/que-es/system-demo","question":"What is a System Demo?","content":"A System Demo is a significant event in the Scaled Agile Framework (SAFe) t..."},{"title":"T-Shaped Skills","slug":"t-shaped","url":"/en/que-es/t-shaped","question":"What are T-Shaped Skills?","content":"T-Shaped Skills (or T-Shaped Professionals) refer to a competency model whe..."}]},{"title":"Trello","question":"What is Trello?","description":"It's a visual tool that facilitates the organization of tasks.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["board","kanban","productivity","tool"],"published":true,"slug":"trello","content":"

🔍 Definition

Trello is a visual project management tool that allows teams to organize tasks and projects using boards, lists, and cards.

🛠️ Features

It offers features such as task assignment, due dates, attaching files, checklists, and integrations with other tools.

🆓 Interface

The Trello interface is based on boards, which represent projects, and within them, lists and cards are used to organize tasks and information.

🔄 Kanban

Trello's design is influenced by the Kanban method, emphasizing the visual management of tasks and workflows.

👁️ Visibility

Trello provides clear visibility on who is working on what and what tasks are pending, aiding in team coordination and project tracking.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Asana","slug":"asana","url":"/en/que-es/asana","question":"What is Asana?","content":"Asana is a project management software that helps teams organize, track, an..."},{"title":"Throughput","slug":"throughput","url":"/en/que-es/throughput","question":"What is throughput?","content":"In the Kanban method, 'throughput' is used to describe the total number of..."},{"title":"Copilot (AI)","slug":"copilot---ai","url":"/en/que-es/copilot---ai","question":"What is an AI Copilot?","content":"An AI Copilot is an artificial intelligence assistant designed to work alon..."},{"title":"Blockages","slug":"blockages","url":"/en/que-es/blockages","question":"What is a blockage?","content":"In frameworks like Scrum and Kanban, a 'blockage' refers to any obstacle th..."},{"title":"Commitment Point","slug":"commitment-point","url":"/en/que-es/commitment-point","question":"What is the Commitment Point?","content":"A commitment point in Kanban is the stage in the workflow where a work item..."}]},{"title":"UAT","question":"What does UAT stand for?","description":"It stands for User Acceptance Testing.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["qa","test","testing","ux"],"published":true,"slug":"uat","content":"

🎯 Acceptance Testing

Acceptance testing is a quality assurance process that evaluates whether a software application meets end-user approval and business requirements.

🔍 Meaning

It is the final phase of the software testing process, conducted to ensure that the system is ready for real-world use.

📈 Focus

Acceptance testing focuses on business objectives and user needs, determining if the software meets the acceptance criteria.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Bug","slug":"bug","url":"/en/que-es/bug","question":"What is a bug?","content":"In the context of software, a bug refers to an error or flaw in the code th..."},{"title":"Testing","slug":"test","url":"/en/que-es/test","question":"What is Testing?","content":"Testing, or test, is a procedure conducted to verify and validate the funct..."},{"title":"Alpha","slug":"alpha","url":"/en/que-es/alpha","question":"What is an Alpha version?","content":"An Alpha version is an early stage of a software product, typically release..."},{"title":"Ambient AI","slug":"ambient-ai","url":"/en/que-es/ambient-ai","question":"What is Ambient AI?","content":"Ambient AI refers to artificial intelligence that operates seamlessly in th..."},{"title":"Benchmark (AI)","slug":"benchmark---ai","url":"/en/que-es/benchmark---ai","question":"What is an AI Benchmark?","content":"An AI Benchmark is a standardized test, dataset, or evaluation methodology..."}]},{"title":"UI","question":"What does UI stand for?","description":"UI (User Interface) is the visual design layer of an application that users interact with. Complete guide with types, principles, tools, UI vs UX, and career paths.","date":"2026-02-22","categories":["Design","UI","UX","frontend","usability"],"published":true,"slug":"ui---user-interface","content":"

Definition

UI (User Interface) refers to the visual and interactive layer of a digital product -- the screens, pages, buttons, icons, forms, and other elements that users see and interact with directly. It is the bridge between the user and the system's underlying functionality, translating complex operations into intuitive visual interactions.

A well-designed UI enables users to accomplish their goals efficiently and enjoyably, while a poorly designed UI creates frustration, errors, and abandonment. UI design encompasses not only the aesthetic appearance of a product but also the layout, interaction patterns, responsiveness, and accessibility of every element.

Types of User Interfaces

Graphical User Interface (GUI)

The most common type of UI, where users interact with visual elements such as windows, icons, buttons, menus, and forms. Desktop applications, websites, and mobile apps all use GUIs. The GUI revolutionized computing by making it accessible to non-technical users, replacing the command-line interfaces that preceded it.

Command-Line Interface (CLI)

A text-based interface where users type commands to interact with the system. While less intuitive than GUIs for general users, CLIs are preferred by developers and system administrators for their speed, scriptability, and precision. Tools like Git, Docker, and most server management tasks rely on CLIs.

Voice User Interface (VUI)

Interfaces that allow users to interact through spoken language. Virtual assistants like Alexa, Siri, and Google Assistant are examples of VUIs. Designing for voice requires different principles than visual design, focusing on conversational flow, disambiguation, and audio feedback.

Conversational UI

Chat-based interfaces where users interact through text messages. Chatbots, customer support widgets, and messaging-based services use conversational UIs. This type is growing rapidly with the adoption of AI-powered assistants and large language models.

Gesture-Based Interface

Interfaces controlled through physical gestures, such as touch screens (pinch, swipe, tap), motion sensors (Kinect, Leap Motion), or spatial computing devices (Apple Vision Pro, Meta Quest).

Natural Language Interface (NLI)

Interfaces that allow users to interact using natural language, whether typed or spoken. AI instruction-following models are making NLIs increasingly capable and prevalent.

Core Elements of UI Design

Visual hierarchy

Visual hierarchy guides the user's eye through the interface in order of importance. It is established through:

Size: larger elements attract more attention.
Color and contrast: high-contrast elements stand out.
Typography: font weight, size, and style indicate importance.
Spacing: whitespace creates grouping and separation.
Position: elements at the top and left (in LTR languages) receive more attention.

Color

Color in UI design serves functional purposes beyond aesthetics:

Brand identity: primary brand colors create recognition.
Feedback: green for success, red for errors, yellow for warnings.
Accessibility: sufficient contrast ratios for readability (WCAG guidelines require a minimum 4.5:1 ratio for normal text).
Emotion: colors evoke psychological responses that influence user behavior.

Typography

Typography affects readability, hierarchy, and the overall personality of the interface:

Font selection: sans-serif fonts (Inter, Roboto, SF Pro) are standard for digital interfaces due to screen readability.
Size scale: establishing a consistent type scale (e.g., 12px, 14px, 16px, 20px, 24px, 32px) creates visual consistency.
Line height and spacing: adequate line height (1.4-1.6x font size) and letter spacing improve readability.

Layout and grid systems

Grid systems provide structure and consistency to layouts:

12-column grids: the standard for responsive web design.
8px grid: spacing and sizing elements in multiples of 8 pixels for visual harmony.
Responsive breakpoints: adapting layouts for mobile, tablet, and desktop viewports.

Interactive elements

Buttons, forms, navigation menus, modals, dropdowns, and other interactive components must communicate their affordance (what action they enable) and state (default, hover, active, disabled, loading).

UI Design Principles

Consistency

Consistent UI means using the same patterns, styles, and behaviors throughout the product. Consistency reduces the learning curve and builds user confidence. This includes consistent use of colors, typography, spacing, icon styles, and interaction patterns.

Feedback

Every user action should receive a visible response. When a user clicks a button, submits a form, or encounters an error, the UI must acknowledge the action and communicate the result. Feedback mechanisms include loading indicators, success messages, error states, and animations.

Accessibility (a11y)

Accessible UI design ensures that people with disabilities can use the product effectively. Key considerations include:

Screen reader compatibility: semantic HTML, ARIA labels, and proper heading structure.
Keyboard navigation: all interactive elements must be usable without a mouse.
Color contrast: meeting WCAG 2.1 AA or AAA standards.
Text resizing: interfaces must remain functional when text is enlarged.
Motion sensitivity: providing options to reduce or disable animations.

Simplicity (KISS)

Following the KISS principle, interfaces should present only the information and options necessary for the current task. Removing clutter, simplifying navigation, and progressive disclosure (showing more detail only when needed) are key techniques.

Responsive design

UI must adapt to different screen sizes, orientations, and input methods. Responsive design uses fluid grids, flexible images, and media queries to create experiences that work on any device.

UI vs UX

UI and UX (User Experience) are closely related but distinct disciplines:

Aspect	UI (User Interface)	UX (User Experience)
Focus	How it looks and behaves	How it feels and works end-to-end
Scope	Visual design and interaction	Entire user journey
Deliverables	Mockups, prototypes, design systems	User flows, wireframes, research reports
Skills	Visual design, typography, color theory	Research, information architecture, testing
Question	\"Is it visually clear and appealing?\"	\"Can users accomplish their goals easily?\"

A product can have excellent UI (beautiful, polished visuals) but poor UX (confusing navigation, slow performance), or vice versa. The best products excel at both.

Design Systems and Component Libraries

Modern UI development relies on design systems -- collections of reusable components, patterns, and guidelines that ensure consistency across products:

Popular design systems

Material Design (Google): comprehensive system for Android, web, and cross-platform applications.
Apple Human Interface Guidelines: design standards for iOS, macOS, and Apple platforms.
Fluent Design (Microsoft): design language for Windows and Microsoft products.
Ant Design: popular React component library for enterprise applications.
Shadcn/ui: modern, composable component library for React and Next.js.

Benefits of design systems

Consistency: uniform look and behavior across the product.
Efficiency: developers and designers reuse existing components instead of building from scratch.
Scalability: new features maintain visual coherence automatically.
Collaboration: shared vocabulary between design and development teams.

UI Design Tools

Tool	Strength	Best for
Figma	Collaborative, browser-based	Team design and prototyping
Sketch	macOS native, plugins	Individual designers on Mac
Adobe XD	Adobe ecosystem integration	Teams using Adobe products
Framer	Interactive prototyping	High-fidelity interactive prototypes
Storybook	Component documentation	Developers building design systems

Frontend Technologies for UI

The UI is ultimately implemented through frontend technologies:

HTML/CSS: the foundation of web UI, defining structure and visual styling.
JavaScript frameworks: React, Vue, Angular, and Svelte provide component-based architectures for building complex UIs.
CSS frameworks: Tailwind CSS, Bootstrap, and Material UI accelerate UI development with pre-built utilities and components.
Mobile frameworks: Swift UI (iOS), Jetpack Compose (Android), Flutter, and React Native for mobile UI.

UI Designer Career Path

The path to becoming a UI designer typically involves:

Junior UI Designer: executing designs within established systems, creating individual screens and components.
Mid-level UI Designer: owning design for features or product areas, contributing to design systems.
Senior UI Designer: leading design direction, mentoring juniors, establishing design patterns.
Lead / Principal Designer: setting design vision, managing design teams, influencing product strategy.

Related roles include Product Designer (combining UI and UX), Design Engineer (design plus frontend development), and Design System Lead.

FAQ

What is the difference between UI and frontend development?

UI design focuses on what the interface should look like and how it should behave (the \"what\"). Frontend development focuses on implementing that design with code (the \"how\"). UI designers create mockups and prototypes; frontend developers build them with HTML, CSS, and JavaScript. Many professionals work across both disciplines as \"design engineers.\"

Do I need to learn coding to be a UI designer?

Coding is not strictly required, but understanding HTML, CSS, and basic JavaScript concepts is highly beneficial. It improves communication with developers, helps create more feasible designs, and enables designers to prototype interactions more accurately.

What makes a good UI?

A good UI is intuitive (users know what to do without instructions), consistent (patterns are predictable), responsive (works on all devices), accessible (usable by everyone), and efficient (users accomplish tasks with minimal effort). It also aligns with the brand identity and provides clear feedback for every interaction.

How is AI changing UI design?

AI is transforming UI design in several ways: generative design tools can create layouts and components from text descriptions, AI-powered personalization adapts interfaces to individual users in real time, and conversational and natural language interfaces are creating entirely new interaction paradigms that move beyond traditional visual elements.

What is a design token?

Design tokens are the atomic values of a design system -- colors, spacing, typography, border radii, shadows, and other visual properties stored as platform-agnostic variables. They enable consistency between design tools (Figma) and code (CSS/JS) and make it easy to update the entire system by changing a single value.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Figma","slug":"figma","url":"/en/que-es/figma","question":"What is Figma?","content":"Figma is a graphic design and prototyping tool widely used in the design an..."},{"title":"Wireframes","slug":"wireframe","url":"/en/que-es/wireframe","question":"What is a wireframe?","content":"A wireframe is a visual representation, usually in grayscale, that outlines..."},{"title":"Mockups","slug":"mockup","url":"/en/que-es/mockup","question":"What is a mockup?","content":"A mockup is a static representation of a product, often used in product des..."},{"title":"UX","slug":"ux---user-experience","url":"/en/que-es/ux---user-experience","question":"What does UX stand for?","content":"UX, or User Experience, is a strategy focused on providing the best possibl..."},{"title":"Gemba","slug":"gemba","url":"/en/que-es/gemba","question":"What is Gemba?","content":"Gemba is a Japanese term that refers to the 'real place' or the 'place wher..."}]},{"title":"User Story Map","question":"What is a User Story Map?","description":"It's a technique that organizes the Product Backlog into two dimensions to visualize product functionalities and plan releases.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["agile","development","jeff patton","prioritization","products","user story"],"published":true,"slug":"user-story-map","content":"

📜 Definition

User Story Map (USM), or User Story Mapping, is a technique that organizes the Product Backlog into two dimensions to comprehensively visualize product functionalities and plan their releases.

👤 Creator

Jeff Patton is credited with introducing the User Story Map technique in 2005, through the publication of his book bearing the same name.

🎯 Purpose

Its goal is to provide a common understanding of the product to the development team and stakeholders, facilitating product discovery and the prioritization of construction.

🏗️ Structure

The technique generally starts with identifying the product's backbone, followed by the development of the narrative flow detailing how different parts of the product connect and contribute to the final user experience. After establishing these elements, user stories are grouped under the activities or tasks identified in the backbone, and prioritized according to their importance and the value they deliver to the user to decide potential releases or the MVP.

🦴 Backbone

The backbone, or the spine of the User Story Map, refers to the main structure that organizes and categorizes user stories in a logical and hierarchical sequence that describes the user flow or the product's key activities. This structure acts as a guide to understanding how different parts of the product work together to provide value to the end-user.

📚 Narrative Flow

The narrative flow, within the context of User Story Mapping, describes the progression and relationship between user stories along the backbone. It focuses on how individual stories connect to form a cohesive and complete narrative about the user's experience with the product.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"DoD - Definition of Done","slug":"dod-definition-of-done","url":"/en/que-es/dod-definition-of-done","question":"What is the Definition of Done?","content":"The Definition of Done, DoD, is a set of criteria that determines when a us..."},{"title":"DevOps","slug":"devops","url":"/en/que-es/devops","question":"What is DevOps?","content":"DevOps is a software development philosophy that focuses on communication,..."},{"title":"Three Amigos","slug":"three-amigos","url":"/en/que-es/three-amigos","question":"What does Three Amigos mean?","content":"\"Three Amigos\" is a collaborative practice in agile software development wh..."},{"title":"Release Candidate","slug":"release-candidate","url":"/en/que-es/release-candidate","question":"What is a Release Candidate (RC)?","content":"A Release Candidate (RC) is a version of software that has passed all plann..."},{"title":"Testing","slug":"test","url":"/en/que-es/test","question":"What is Testing?","content":"Testing, or test, is a procedure conducted to verify and validate the funct..."}]},{"title":"UX","question":"What does UX stand for?","description":"It stands for User Experience.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["UX","design"],"published":true,"slug":"ux---user-experience","content":"

📜 Definition

UX, or User Experience, is a strategy focused on providing the best possible experience to users of both digital and physical products and services.

🖥️ Digital Focus

In digital environments, team members specialized in UX ensure that interactions are smooth and obstacle-free with websites, mobile apps, software, and other digital solutions.

🏢 Physical Application

The discipline of UX is also relevant to physical products, aiming to improve the overall experience of users.

🎯 Importance

UX is crucial for customer satisfaction and retention and can significantly impact a company's success.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Mockups","slug":"mockup","url":"/en/que-es/mockup","question":"What is a mockup?","content":"A mockup is a static representation of a product, often used in product des..."},{"title":"Figma","slug":"figma","url":"/en/que-es/figma","question":"What is Figma?","content":"Figma is a graphic design and prototyping tool widely used in the design an..."},{"title":"Wireframes","slug":"wireframe","url":"/en/que-es/wireframe","question":"What is a wireframe?","content":"A wireframe is a visual representation, usually in grayscale, that outlines..."},{"title":"UI","slug":"ui---user-interface","url":"/en/que-es/ui---user-interface","question":"What does UI stand for?","content":"UI (User Interface) refers to the visual and interactive layer of a digital..."},{"title":"Generative UI","slug":"generative-ui","url":"/en/que-es/generative-ui","question":"What is Generative UI?","content":"Generative UI refers to user interfaces that are dynamically created, modif..."}]},{"title":"Value Stream Map","question":"What is a Value Stream Map (VSM)?","description":"It is a visual tool used to depict and analyze the flow of a process.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["Lean","processes","waste"],"published":true,"slug":"value-stream-map","content":"

📜 Definition

The Value Stream Map, or VSM, is a visual tool used in Lean to depict and analyze the flow of materials and information through a production process.

🎯 Purpose

The main purpose of VSM is to identify areas for improvement and to visualize the entire production process for strategic review and optimization.

🔄 Steps

VSM involves creating a map of the current state, identifying and eliminating waste, creating a map of the future state, and implementing the improved process.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Muda","slug":"muda","url":"/en/que-es/muda","question":"What is Muda?","content":"Muda is a Japanese term that translates as waste and refers to any activity..."},{"title":"Kanban Board","slug":"kanban-board","url":"/en/que-es/kanban-board","question":"What is a Kanban Board?","content":"A Kanban Board, or Kanban board, is a tool that visually represents work at..."},{"title":"Waste","slug":"waste","url":"/en/que-es/waste","question":"What does waste mean?","content":"In Lean management, waste refers to any activity that consumes resources bu..."},{"title":"Pull System","slug":"pull","url":"/en/que-es/pull","question":"What is the Pull system?","content":"In Kanban, a Pull system is one where work is only initiated when there is..."},{"title":"SIPOC","slug":"sipoc","url":"/en/que-es/sipoc","question":"What is SIPOC?","content":"SIPOC is an acronym that stands for Suppliers, Inputs, Process, Outputs, an..."}]},{"title":"Vibe Coding","question":"What is Vibe Coding?","description":"A programming approach where developers describe what they want in natural language and let AI generate the code.","date":"2026-02-22","categories":["ai","developer experience","programming"],"published":true,"slug":"vibe-coding","content":"

🎵 Definition

Vibe Coding is a programming approach coined by Andrej Karpathy in 2025, where developers describe what they want in natural language and let AI models generate the actual code. The developer focuses on the \"vibe\" -- the intent and direction -- while AI handles implementation details.

🎯 How It Works

The developer describes the desired functionality in plain language
An AI coding assistant (like Claude, Cursor, or Copilot) generates the code
The developer reviews, tests, and iterates using conversational feedback
The focus shifts from writing code to directing and validating AI output

💡 Practical Example

Instead of manually writing a REST API with authentication, a developer tells the AI: \"Create an Express API with JWT authentication, user registration, and login endpoints with input validation.\" The AI generates the complete implementation, which the developer then reviews and refines.

⚖️ Tradeoffs

Pros: Faster prototyping, lower barrier to entry, focus on problem-solving over syntax
Cons: Risk of accepting code you don't understand, potential security issues, dependency on AI quality

📈 Why It Matters

Vibe Coding represents a fundamental shift in how software is built, making programming more accessible while requiring developers to develop new skills in code review, prompt engineering, and AI collaboration.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["cs","da","de","es","fi","fr","it","nl","no","pl","pt","sv"],"related":[{"title":"Automation (AI)","slug":"automation---ai","url":"/en/que-es/automation---ai","question":"What is AI-powered Automation?","content":"AI-powered Automation is the use of artificial intelligence to automaticall..."},{"title":"Embeddings","slug":"embeddings","url":"/en/que-es/embeddings","question":"What are Embeddings in AI?","content":"Embeddings are dense numerical vector representations that capture the sema..."},{"title":"Context (AI)","slug":"context---ai","url":"/en/que-es/context---ai","question":"What is Context in AI?","content":"Context in AI refers to the surrounding information, situational awareness,..."},{"title":"AI (Artificial Intelligence)","slug":"ai---artificial-intelligence","url":"/en/que-es/ai---artificial-intelligence","question":"What is AI?","content":"AI, or Artificial Intelligence, is the broad field of creating systems that..."},{"title":"Agent","slug":"agent","url":"/en/que-es/agent","question":"What is an AI Agent?","content":"An Agent is a software entity that can take actions autonomously on behalf..."}]},{"title":"Waste","question":"What does waste mean?","description":"It refers to any activity that consumes resources but does not add value to the customer.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["kaizen","kanban","lean","muda","waste"],"published":true,"slug":"waste","content":"

📜 Definition

In Lean management, waste refers to any activity that consumes resources but does not add value to the customer. Identifying and eliminating waste is crucial for improving the efficiency and effectiveness of processes.

🔄 Kanban

Kanban is a method within Lean management aimed at minimizing waste by visualizing work, limiting work in progress, and optimizing the workflow.

🏭 Origin

Lean management, including the concept of waste reduction, originated from the Toyota Production System (TPS), which identifies waste as muda, mura, and muri and actively seeks continuous improvement (kaizen) levers for its elimination.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Muda","slug":"muda","url":"/en/que-es/muda","question":"What is Muda?","content":"Muda is a Japanese term that translates as waste and refers to any activity..."},{"title":"Pull System","slug":"pull","url":"/en/que-es/pull","question":"What is the Pull system?","content":"In Kanban, a Pull system is one where work is only initiated when there is..."},{"title":"Kanban","slug":"kanban","url":"/en/que-es/kanban","question":"What is Kanban?","content":"Kanban is a lean method for managing and improving work flows in production..."},{"title":"Downstream","slug":"downstream","url":"/en/que-es/downstream","question":"What is downstream?","content":"Refers to the activities from the receipt of a request to the completion of..."},{"title":"CFD","slug":"cfd","url":"/en/que-es/cfd","question":"What is a CFD?","content":"A Cumulative Flow Diagram (CFD) is a visual tool used in Kanban to track th..."}]},{"title":"Waterfall","question":"What is the Waterfall methodology?","description":"It's a linear and sequential approach to project management.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["methodology","pmbok","pmi","pmp"],"published":true,"slug":"waterfall","content":"

🔄 Definition

The Waterfall methodology is a linear and sequential approach to project management, characterized by its phase-by-phase structure, where each phase must be completed before moving on to the next.

🏗️ Structure

Projects are divided into distinct phases, with no overlap between them, resembling the flow of a waterfall.

📊 Gantt Charts

Often visualized using Gantt charts, the Waterfall methodology is commonly used in industries like construction.

🚫 Limited Flexibility

Unlike agile frameworks, the Waterfall approach does not easily accommodate changes once a phase is completed, treating any change as a potential risk against the defined plan.

🌊 Phases

Waterfall typically has the following phases: requirement gathering, design, development, testing, deployment, and maintenance.

📑 Requirement Gathering

The initial phase involves the detailed collection and documentation of all project requirements.

🖥️ Design

This phase includes both high-level and detailed design work, specifying the system architecture and interfaces.

🛠️ Implementation

The actual development work begins, based on the design specifications from the previous phase.

✔️ Testing

Each component is tested to ensure it meets the specified requirements and functions as intended.

🚀 Deployment

The completed project is deployed or released to end-users or customers.

🔧 Maintenance

Maintenance and ongoing support activities are carried out to ensure the project continues to function correctly.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Context (AI)","slug":"context---ai","url":"/en/que-es/context---ai","question":"What is Context in AI?","content":"Context in AI refers to the surrounding information, situational awareness,..."},{"title":"Gemba","slug":"gemba","url":"/en/que-es/gemba","question":"What is Gemba?","content":"Gemba is a Japanese term that refers to the 'real place' or the 'place wher..."},{"title":"Blockages","slug":"blockages","url":"/en/que-es/blockages","question":"What is a blockage?","content":"In frameworks like Scrum and Kanban, a 'blockage' refers to any obstacle th..."},{"title":"Human-in-the-Loop (HITL)","slug":"human-in-the-loop---hitl","url":"/en/que-es/human-in-the-loop---hitl","question":"What is Human-in-the-Loop?","content":"Human-in-the-Loop (HITL) is an AI approach that combines automated decision..."},{"title":"Disciplined Agile Delivery - DAD","slug":"dad---disciplined-agile-delivery","url":"/en/que-es/dad---disciplined-agile-delivery","question":"What is Disciplined Agile Delivery?","content":"Disciplined Agile Delivery (DAD) is a toolkit that provides a flexible appr..."}]},{"title":"WET","question":"What does WET mean?","description":"It stands for 'Write Everything Twice' or 'We Enjoy Typing'.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["antipattern","development","software"],"published":true,"slug":"wet","content":"

💧 WET Principle

The WET principle, translating to 'Write Everything Twice' or 'We Enjoy Typing', represents an approach opposite to the DRY (Don't Repeat Yourself) principle by sarcastically allowing or even encouraging code repetition.

✏️ Write Everything Twice

WET is a humorous acronym suggesting writing or repeating code more than necessary, often seen as a way to emphasize simplicity or avoid the complexity of abstraction.

🧩 Lack of Abstraction

WET code may lack proper abstraction, leading to redundant and harder to maintain code due to excessive repetition of similar structures or logic.

🔀 Unpredictable Changes

Changes in WET code can be less predictable and uniform, as related elements may not change in a uniform manner, increasing the risk of errors and inconsistencies.

🔍 Testing Challenges

WET code can present challenges for testing, as there may be more code paths to cover due to duplication, increasing the effort and complexity to ensure software quality.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Alpha","slug":"alpha","url":"/en/que-es/alpha","question":"What is an Alpha version?","content":"An Alpha version is an early stage of a software product, typically release..."},{"title":"ALM","slug":"alm","url":"/en/que-es/alm","question":"What does ALM stand for?","content":"ALM, or Application Lifecycle Management, refers to the process of managing..."},{"title":"Beta","slug":"beta","url":"/en/que-es/beta","question":"What is a beta version?","content":"A beta version, also known as a preview, is a pre-release version of softwa..."},{"title":"Bug","slug":"bug","url":"/en/que-es/bug","question":"What is a bug?","content":"In the context of software, a bug refers to an error or flaw in the code th..."},{"title":"Tester","slug":"tester","url":"/en/que-es/tester","question":"What is a tester?","content":"A tester, also known as a test engineer or QA (Quality Assurance), is prima..."}]},{"title":"WIP","question":"What does WIP mean?","description":"It stands for Work In Progress.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["Kanban","WIP Limit"],"published":true,"slug":"wip---work-in-progress","content":"

🔨 Definition

Work In Progress (WIP) refers to tasks or products that are in the process of being completed but are not yet finished.

📊 Relevance

WIP is a crucial metric in production and software development, indicating the amount of work that is actively being done at any given moment.

🏭 Manufacturing

In manufacturing, WIP represents the inventory of partially completed products that are still in the production process.

📈 Development

In software development, WIP limits are used to optimize workflow and ensure that teams do not take on more work than they can effectively manage.

🔄 Kanban

WIP is a key concept in the Kanban method, where it is used to visualize and limit the amount of work in progress to improve efficiency and identify bottlenecks.

⏳ Production Efficiency

Monitoring WIP is essential for assessing the efficiency of the production process and identifying areas for improvement.

🔍 Lean Manufacturing

WIP is an area of focus in lean manufacturing, where balancing WIP levels is a key goal to streamline operations and reduce waste.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fi","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Scrumban","slug":"scrumban","url":"/en/que-es/scrumban","question":"What is Scrumban?","content":"Scrumban is a framework that combines the principles of Scrum and Kanban, o..."},{"title":"Kanban Board","slug":"kanban-board","url":"/en/que-es/kanban-board","question":"What is a Kanban Board?","content":"A Kanban Board, or Kanban board, is a tool that visually represents work at..."},{"title":"WIP Limits","slug":"wip-limit---work-in-progress-limit","url":"/en/que-es/wip-limit---work-in-progress-limit","question":"What are WIP Limits?","content":"WIP stands for \"Work In Progress,\" and a WIP Limit, or limit of WIP, is the..."},{"title":"Tester","slug":"tester","url":"/en/que-es/tester","question":"What is a tester?","content":"A tester, also known as a test engineer or QA (Quality Assurance), is prima..."},{"title":"TDD","slug":"tdd---test-driven-development","url":"/en/que-es/tdd---test-driven-development","question":"What is Test Driven Development (TDD)?","content":"Test-Driven Development (TDD) is a programming approach that emphasizes wri..."}]},{"title":"WIP Limits","question":"What are WIP Limits?","description":"It's the maximum amount of work that can exist at each stage of a workflow.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["Kanban","WIP"],"published":true,"slug":"wip-limit---work-in-progress-limit","content":"

🔒 Definition

WIP stands for \"Work In Progress,\" and a WIP Limit, or limit of WIP, is the maximum amount of work that can exist at each stage of a workflow in methods like Kanban.

🔎 Clarification

Limiting work in progress isn't about reducing the total amount of work to be done but limiting the number of tasks being handled simultaneously (multitasking). Its purpose is to improve focus and promote the philosophy of \"Stop starting and start finishing.\"

🔄 Importance

WIP limits help teams identify inefficiencies, expose bottlenecks, and focus on completing tasks, ultimately improving workflow performance.

📈 Application

Teams set WIP limits for each stage of the workflow, typically based on historical data, and adjust them over time to optimize performance.

🎯 Performance Improvement

WIP limits focus teams on completing tasks, which can lead to performance improvement, increased throughput, and reduced delivery times.

🔍 Bottlenecks

WIP limits expose bottlenecks and inefficiencies in the workflow, allowing teams to address them more effectively.

🔄 Continuous Evaluation

Teams regularly assess and adjust WIP limits to reflect changes in workflow performance.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"Kanban Board","slug":"kanban-board","url":"/en/que-es/kanban-board","question":"What is a Kanban Board?","content":"A Kanban Board, or Kanban board, is a tool that visually represents work at..."},{"title":"Scrumban","slug":"scrumban","url":"/en/que-es/scrumban","question":"What is Scrumban?","content":"Scrumban is a framework that combines the principles of Scrum and Kanban, o..."},{"title":"WIP","slug":"wip---work-in-progress","url":"/en/que-es/wip---work-in-progress","question":"What does WIP mean?","content":"Work In Progress (WIP) refers to tasks or products that are in the process..."},{"title":"Evals","slug":"evals","url":"/en/que-es/evals","question":"What are Evals in AI?","content":"Evals (Evaluations) are systematic tests and assessment frameworks designed..."},{"title":"Design System","slug":"design-system","url":"/en/que-es/design-system","question":"What is a Design System?","content":"A Design System is a collection of reusable components, guided by clear sta..."}]},{"title":"Wireframes","question":"What is a wireframe?","description":"It's a basic visual representation of an interface.","date":"2026-02-21","categories":["Figma","Mockup","UI","UX","wireframe"],"published":true,"slug":"wireframe","content":"

🖼️ Definition

A wireframe is a visual representation, usually in grayscale, that outlines the structure and functionality of a webpage or mobile application before the visual design and content are added.

🎯 Purpose

Wireframes serve to establish the basic layout and user experience, focusing on usability and navigation.

🔍 Use in Design

They are used in the early stages of design to ensure that the project develops according to the agreed objectives and to facilitate ease of use and future content growth.

🧰 Tools

One of the most commonly used tools for creating wireframes is Figma.

","language":"en","alternativeLangs":["ar","cs","da","de","el","es","fr","he","hi","hu","it","ja","ko","nl","no","pl","pt","ru","sv","th","tr","zh"],"related":[{"title":"UI","slug":"ui---user-interface","url":"/en/que-es/ui---user-interface","question":"What does UI stand for?","content":"UI (User Interface) refers to the visual and interactive layer of a digital..."},{"title":"Mockups","slug":"mockup","url":"/en/que-es/mockup","question":"What is a mockup?","content":"A mockup is a static representation of a product, often used in product des..."},{"title":"Figma","slug":"figma","url":"/en/que-es/figma","question":"What is Figma?","content":"Figma is a graphic design and prototyping tool widely used in the design an..."},{"title":"UX","slug":"ux---user-experience","url":"/en/que-es/ux---user-experience","question":"What does UX stand for?","content":"UX, or User Experience, is a strategy focused on providing the best possibl..."},{"title":"WET","slug":"wet","url":"/en/que-es/wet","question":"What does WET mean?","content":"The WET principle, translating to 'Write Everything Twice' or 'We Enjoy Typ..."}]}]